Development of safe and effective delivery vectors is a critical challenge for the application of RNA interference (RNAi)-based biotechnologies. In this study we show the rational design of a series of novel dendritic peptide bolaamphiphile vectors that demonstrate high efficiency for the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) while exhibiting low cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity. Systema...

alternate of the usurped property is a compensation paid to the owner after unavailability of usurped property. the iranian civil code, following the islamic scholars' famous view, has principally accepted the payment of this compensation but is silent as far as duties and rights of owner and usurper are concerned; hence the judge's obligation to refer to valid verdicts (fatawa) in this regard....

Techniques for reasoning about safety properties of concurrent program~ are discussed and implications for program design noted. The relationship between interference freedom and synchronization mechanisms is described. The methods are illustrated with a number of examples, including partial correctness of a bank simulation, and mutual exclusion, non-blocking, and deadlock freedom of a solution...

A thermodynamic property model explicit in the Helmholtz energy is presented for the R-134a/245fa mixtures. A multi-fluid approximation based on pure-fluid Helmholtz energy equations of state forms the basis of the property model. The Helmholtz energy of the mixture is expressed as the sum of the ideal gas contribution, the compressibility contribution (real fluid contribution), and the contrib...

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expanded N-terminal glutamine tract that endows huntingtin with a striatal-selective structural property ultimately toxic to medium spiny neurons. In precise genetic models of juvenile HD, HdhQ92 and HdhQ111 knock-in mice, long polyglutamine segments change huntingtin's physical properties, producing HD-like in vivo correlates in the striatum, including...

To investigate the effect of exposure duration on stereopsis and its spatial frequency dependency, we measured disparity threshold for the depth discrimination varying stimulus exposure duration between 0.05 and 2 s for three spatial frequencies (0.23, 0.94 and 3.75 c/deg). The results showed that disparity threshold decreased with increase in exposure duration up to a certain duration, beyond ...

The hydrophobic interaction drives nonpolar solutes to aggregate in aqueous solution, and hence plays a critical role in many fundamental processes in nature. An important property intrinsic to hydrophobic interaction is its cooperative nature, which is originated from the collective motions of water hydrogen bond networks surrounding hydrophobic solutes. This property is widely believed to enh...

We consider the algorithmic problem of selecting a set of target nodes that cause the biggest activation cascade in a network. In case when the activation process obeys the diminishing return property, a simple hill-climbing selection mechanism has been shown to achieve a provably good performance. Here we study models of influence propagation that exhibit critical behavior and where the proper...

There are many contexts in distributed wireless networks where there is a critical threshold, corresponding to a minimum amount of the communication effort or power expenditure by individual nodes, above which a desirable global property exists with high probability. When this individual node effort is below this threshold the desired global property exists with a low probability. This “phase t...

In the design environment, system properties, such as fault tolerance and safe operation, need to be demonstrated in new product development of safety-critical systems. The onus of the proof is by no means trivial, and the associated computational costs can be overwhelming. In this paper, a novel quality metrics is introduced, Property Coverage (PC), which allows, with affordable computational ...