We have examined the role of endogenously produced interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-10 in the regulation of inflammatory and immune reactions in the skin. In these experiments, irritant and contact hypersensitivity (CH) responses were elicited in mice with targeted disruptions of the IL-4 (IL-4T) or IL-10 (IL-10T) gene. Our study showed that IL-4T and wild-type (wt) mice exhibited equivalent responses...

In this study the irritation phenomena at the chorioallantoic membrane of incubated hen's eggs as an in vitro model (HET-CAM assay) were investigated in comparison to the in vivo croton oil test by including hydrocortisone, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, acetylsalicylic acid, rutin, quercetin, apigenin, and p-coumaric acid as steroidal and non-steroidal test substances. For the first time the tw...

Tumors have been induced frequently in the laboratory mouse following exposure to the carcinogenic hydrocarbons (6). In many of these studies, the chemicals were applied continuously and at a relatively high concentration. Cramer and Stowell (5) compared the tumorigenic effectiveness of e0-methylcholanthrene when applied continuously or discontinuously to the skin of mice and concluded that ski...

Protapanteles (Protapanteles) enephes (Nixon, 1965) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) was reared from the host Fountainea ryphea phidile (Geyer, 1837) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Charaxinae), collected on Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae) in São Carlos, São Paulo state, Brazil. The hyperperparasitoids Conura sp. (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae) and a Pteromalidae species are registere...

To determine the anticonvulsant activity of the leaf extract of Croton zambesicus in mice and rats, and in order to verify the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of epilepsy. The pentyleneterazole (PTZ) and the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) models were used for assessing the anticonvulsant effects of the aqueous leaf extract in mice and rats. In the PTZ test, the leaf extract ...

Hydrogamasellus alagoensis n. sp. is described based on the morphology of adult females and males collected from litter in the State of Alagoas, Brazil. Six new combinations are proposed, namely A cugamasus avium (Karg, 1976) n. comb., Ologamasus lanceolatus (Karg, 1976) n. comb., Ologamasus microcrinis (Karg, 1979) n. comb., Ologamasus testudinis (Karg, 1976) n. comb., Rykellus longopilus (Kar...

The genus Croton, belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, is a plant with shrubby characteristics, ability regrow in times of rain, develops wildly, especially deforestation areas, being reported mainly Caatinga and Forest region. One main characteristics this that several species are rich chemical constituents importance for medicine. In way, review literature, has an objective findings regardi...

Croton (Codiaeum variegatum) with its amazing colors and leathery leaves is regarded as a beautiful foliage plant. The plant is native of South East Asia. Generally crotons are multiplied vegetatively by means of cuttings and air layering. This process is slow in response and need to maintain large number of mother plants stock. Micropropagation is an alternative mean of propagation that can me...