Interactions among rhythmically active neuronal circuits that oscillate at different frequencies are important for generating complex behaviors, yet little is known about the underlying cellular mechanisms. We addressed this issue in the crab stomatogastric ganglion (STG), which contains two distinct but interacting circuits. These circuits generate the gastric mill rhythm (cycle period, approx...

A simplified model of the crustacean gastric mill network is considered. Rhythmic activity in this network has largely been attributed to half center oscillations driven by mutual inhibition. We use mathematical modeling and dynamical systems theory to show that rhythmic oscillations in this network may also depend on, or even arise from, a voltage-dependent electrical coupling between one of t...

Coal preparation is the first step in the whole process of coal-fired power generation. A typical milling process is illustrated in Figure 1. Also, coal-fired power stations nowadays are required to operate more flexibly with more varied coal specifications and regularly use coal with higher volatile contents and Biomass materials (Livingston 2004); this greatly increases the risks of explosion...

Size-quantized CdS nanocrystals of controlled dimensions are synthesized within monodisperse egg lecithin vesicles made by detergent depletion. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) enables imaging in situ both of the vesicle wall and of the encapsulated nanocrystal. Cryo-TEM images confirm that only one particle per vesicle forms and that nanocrystal diameter is determined by the nu...

Transmission electron microscopy (EM) is a versatile technique that can be used to image biological specimens ranging from intact eukaryotic cells to individual proteins >150kDa. There are several strategies for preparing samples for imaging by EM, including negative staining and cryogenic freezing. In the last few years, cryo-EM has undergone a 'resolution revolution', owing to both advances i...

The development of a microfluidically cryo-cooled and inductively coupled spiral microcoil for magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is presented. The microcoil was inductively coupled to a secondary coil that was directly coupled to a transmission line. This configuration eliminated thermal flux through direct connection when the microcoil was cryo-cooled to ...

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between residential district of people, such as power plant, steel-mill and petrochemical industries, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS Using a cross-sectional study design, we randomly recruited participants for our study from industrial areas (thermoelectric power plant, steel-mill, petrochemical industry) and rural ...

Millennia of continuous innovation have driven ever increasing efficiency in the milling process. Mechanically characterizing wheat grains and discerning the structure and function of the wheat bran layers can contribute to continuing innovation. We present novel shear force and puncture force testing regimes to characterize different wheat grain cultivars. The forces endured by wheat grains du...

Until only a few years ago, single-particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) was usually not the first choice for many structural biologists due to its limited resolution in the range of nanometer to subnanometer. Now, this method rivals X-ray crystallography in terms of resolution and can be used to determine atomic structures of macromolecules that are either refractory to crystallization o...