Repeated exposure to a novel physical environment eventually leads to a mature adaptive response whereby feedforward changes in motor output mirror both the amplitude and temporal structure of the environmental perturbations. However, adaptive responses at the earliest stages of learning have been found to be not only smaller, but systematically less specific in their temporal structure compare...

Torenia is an annual plant of the family Scrophulariaceae that is used as an ornamental summer bedding plant. Torenia is also an experimental plant with several useful characteristics, i.e., ease of genetic transformation, ability to differentiate adventitious structures, protruding embryo sac, and capacity for in vitro flowering. Genetic transformation of torenia was first reported in 1995, an...

Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) was inoculated into two chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) cultivars, the CSVd-susceptible cultivar Piato and the CSVd-resistant cultivar Mari Kazaguruma. For CSVd inoculation, grafting and Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation were used. In grafting experiments, CSVd was detectable in Mari Kazaguruma after grafting onto infected Piato, but after removal of ...

Fungi in the genus Escovopsis are known only from the fungus gardens of attine ants. Previous work has established that these anamorphic fungi, allied with the Hypocreales, are specialized and potentially virulent parasites of the ancient mutualism between attine ants and their fungal cultivars. It is unclear whether the primary nutrient source for the pathogen is the mutualist fungal cultivar ...

results cloning and subcloning of the flic gene were confirmed by colony pcr, restriction enzymes digestion and dna sequencing of the recombinant plasmids pprime-flic and pvax-flic. the expression of flagellin protein in eukaryotic cells was approved by immunofluorescence assay (ifa), western blotting analysis and the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method. conclusions t...

Objective: In order to investigate effects of different concentration of gibberlic acid and poly amines on germination and early growth of Pishtaz cultivar under salinity stress. Methods: The experiment was carried out as factorial based on completely randomized design with four replicates in laboratory of agronomy and plant breeding of agricultural department, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-...

Temperature and photoperiod can be used to simulate soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr) phenology because they serve as surrogates for complex biochemical pathways leading to the appearance of certain developmental stages at the whole plant level. We developed a soybean phenology model (SOYDEV) which utilizes non-linear temperature and photoperiod functions and separates floral induction and post-i...

responses of plants to salinity stress and development of salt tolerance are extremely complex and various mechanisms appear to be involved. we employed a proteomic approach to study the mechanism of plant responses to salinity in a sensitive cultivar of barley (527 line). three-week-old seedlings were treated with 300 mm nacl for 3 weeks. total proteins of fourth leaf were extracted and separa...

Drought is a serious threat for sustainable agriculture. Barley represents a species well adapted to environmental stresses including drought. To elucidate the adaptive mechanism of barley on transcriptional level we evaluated transcriptomic changes of two contrasting barley cultivars upon drought using the microarray technique on the level of leaves and crowns. Using bioinformatic tools, diffe...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Accurate quantifications of plant responses to photoperiod are useful for physiological studies, in growth modelling and in other studies of environmental effects. The objective of the current work was a mathematical description of photoperiodic influence on plant morphological traits, using functions with few and common parameters related to key plant characteristics and ty...