In order to reduce the cost pressure on cold-chain logistics brought by the carbon tax policy, this paper investigates optimization of Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) with time windows for cold-chain logistics based on carbon tax in China. Then, a green and low-carbon cold chain logistics distribution route optimization model with minimum cost is constructed. Taking the lowest cost as the objecti...

Research on the spatial patterns of human-wildlife conflict is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms underlying it and to identifying opportunities for mitigation. In the state of Xishuangbanna, containing China's largest tropical forest, an imbalance between nature conservation and economic development has led to increasing conflicts between humans and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), ...

This research develops a non-linear continuous optimisation model to estimate tolls for multi-class and multi-period traffic considering integral social costs such as congestion externalities, pavement damage, environmental emissions, operational travel costs, user time cost, in addition maintenance construction of road infrastructure costs. The approach uses welfare principles, formulating fun...

Despite major efforts, the reduction of reactive nitrogen (Nr) using traditional metrics and policy tools for the Chesapeake Bay has slowed in recent years. In this article, we apply the concept of the Nitrogen Cascade to the chemically dynamic nature and multiple sources of Nr to examine the temporal and spatial movement of different forms of Nr through multiple ecosystems and media. We also d...

The main tenet of immunoecology is that individual variation in immune responsiveness is caused by the costs of immune responses to the hosts. Oxidative damage resulting from the excessive production of reactive oxygen species during immune response is hypothesized to form one of such costs. We tested this hypothesis in experimental coccidian infection model in greenfinches Carduelis chloris. A...

Aside from the obvious suffering endured by patients, the financial impact of pressure damage on healthcare providers is also a factor. However, as well as the costs associated with direct wound treatment, there is also the cost of increased length of stay, surgical intervention, extended rehabilitation, loss of earnings and long-term care provision. This ‘total healthcare’ cost of pressure dam...

Premature failure of rail axle bearings causes a significant increase in train operating costs and can impact train safety. A new on-board condition monitoring approach provided by Perpetuum Ltd is fitted on passenger trains to provide the operator with real-time information on bearing health. This new technology allows the detection of early bearing damage. This paper reports an initial study ...

Rood damage models are used to determine the impact of measures to reduce damage due to river flooding. Such models are characterized by uncertainty. This uncertainty may affect the decisions made on the basis of the model outcomes. To reduce uncertainty effectively, the most important sources of uncertainty must be found. Uncertainty analysis serves this purpose. By way of a questionnaire expe...

Fiber reinforced composites have been widely used in aerospace applications due to their functional properties such as high strength-to-weight ratios. But many challenges are yet to be overcome in order to have more confidence on the performance of composites structures. Particularly, composites have different failures types and modes that make the damage prediction and propagation a very chall...

We compare the effects of taxes and quotas for an environmental problem where the regulator and polluter have asymmetric information about abatement costs, and environmental damage depends on pollution stock. An increase in the slope of the marginal abatement cost curve, or a decrease in the slope of the marginal damage curve, favors taxes. An increase in the discount rate or the stock decay ra...