Introns of Plasmodium falciparum var genes act as transcriptional silencing elements that help control antigenic variations. In transfected episomes, intron silencing of a drug-selectable marker under var promoter control is reversed by the spontaneous deletion of key intron regions. The resulting promoter activation does not affect the transcription of chromosomal var genes.

Vieussens' arterial ring (VAR) is the connection between the conus branch of the right coronary artery and the proximal right ventricular branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery. VARs are found in 48% of the population; however, pathologic VAR is rare. We experienced a case of pathologic VAR that involved a fistula connecting to the main pulmonary artery.

We show that a lower bound for covariance of min(X 1 , X 2) and max(X 1 , X 2) is cov (X 1 , X 2) and an upper bound for variance of min(X 2 , max(X, X 1)) is var (X) + var (X 1) + var (X 2) generalizing previous results. We also characterize the cases where these bounds are sharp.

An ideal band-pass filter removes the frequency components of a time series that lie within a particular range of frequencies. In practice, it is difficult to construct an "ideal" band-pass filter as it requires an infinite number of data points. Therefore, an approximation to an ideal filter is used to extract the components of a time series in a particular frequency range, such as business cy...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The popular hybrid orchid Vanda Miss Joaquim was made Singapore's national flower in 1981. It was originally described in the Gardeners' Chronicle in 1893, as a cross between Vanda hookeriana and Vanda teres. However, no record had been kept as to which parent contributed the pollen. This study was conducted using DNA barcoding techniques to determine the pod parent of V. Mi...

The chiefly Holarctic Hydrobius species complex (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) currently consists of Hydrobius arcticus Kuwert, 1890, and three morphological variants of Hydrobius fuscipes (Linnaeus, 1758): var. fuscipes, var. rottenbergii and var. subrotundus in northern Europe. Here molecular and morphological data are used to test the species boundaries in this species complex. Three gene segme...

Using dog food as a model of the organic waste, thermophilic composting was carried out for 14 days at a fixed temperature of 60 degrees C. The relationship between organic matter decomposition measured by CO2 evolution during the bio-stabilization process and microbial succession expressed as the changes over time in the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of 16S rDNA sequ...

In this paper we prove a discrete version of Tanaka’s Theorem [19] for the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator in dimension n = 1, both in the non-centered and centered cases. For the non-centered maximal operator f M we prove that, given a function f : Z→ R of bounded variation, Var(f Mf) ≤ Var(f), where Var(f) represents the total variation of f . For the centered maximal operator M we prove th...

Building on Koop, Pesaran and Potter (1996), we propose the `generalized' impulse response analysis for unrestricted vector autoregressive (VAR) and cointegrated VAR models. Unlike the traditional impulse response analysis, our approach does not require orthogonalization of shocks and is invariant to the ordering of the variables in the VAR. The approach is also used in the construction of orde...