The course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is characterized by a progressive decline in immune function. The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has allowed patients to experience a significant degree of immune restoration when compared with the era before the availability of HAART. Multiple studies, which have employed sophisticated in vitro measures of immune ...

mitochondrial disorders (mids) require biochemical or genetic investigations for being diagnosed. in some cases, however, the diagnosis can be suspected upon the syndromic phenotype or upon clinical presentation and family history, as in the following case. the patient was a 74-year-old male admitted for worsening of pre-existing left-sided ptosis and ophthalmoparesis after a birthday party. th...

Episodes of population loss and cultural change, including the famous Classic Collapse, punctuated the long course of Maya civilization. In many cases, these downturns in the fortunes of individual sites and entire regions included significant environmental components such as droughts or anthropogenic environmental degradation. Some afflicted areas remained depopulated for long periods, whereas...

A new study by Karim and colleagues has highlighted the intriguing issue of the consequences of cessation of long-term postmenopausal hormone use. While potential reductions in breast cancer risk and in the incidence of newly diagnosed breast cancer in the era after the Women's Health Initiative study have been heavily debated, the implications of withdrawal from hormone therapy for bone health...

The South African apartheid system formally ended with the election of the African National Congress at the first all-race elections held in 1994. As a result, racist policies such as color barring, that particularly hindered the advancement of black workers throughout the apartheid period are no longer legal. Yet the legacy of apartheid may endure as a result of both the persistence of racial ...

The article by Goldberg and colleagues found in this issue is a meticulous history of the changes in incidence and in-hospital and long term case fatality rates of myocardial infarction (MI) for a defined New England community from 1975 to 1995 (1). The authors suggest that there is a decline in the incidence of acute MI as well as in the short term and one-year mortality in survivors postdisch...

BACKGROUND Hepatitis A was ranked first among all of the different types of viral hepatitis in China, which occurred an average of 500,000 cases annually during the 1980's. A live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine was applied in preventing of the disease in 1992, large scale used in vaccination program in 1995, and incorporated in the Expanded Program of Immunization in 2008 in China. OBJECTIVE ...

Since entering the era of decline, Muslims no longer produce outstanding achievements in field science. Western scholars then developed science with materials from work Muslim scholars. Of course, there are weaknesses inherent civilization. However, they creatively new things to be studied. In 19th century, scientific optimism was partly due emergence theory Darwin (Charles Darwin), Herbert Spe...