The use of operating spectacles goes back just over one hundred years; the first were simple presbyopic corrections, later increased to over-correction and later coupled with the use of base-in prisms. Magnification was increased by displacement on the nose to increase the back vertex distance. About 1880, the limited magnification available with a single lens was overcome by the use of compoun...

The use of the microscope as a tool for practising Medicine, especially in surgical specialisations, has been established for decades. The microscope was first used in OdontologyDentistry back to the 1970s and 1980s, and was introduced more widely (although it was still far from being in general use) during 1990s. The purpose of this article is to describe the main applications of the microscop...

We report on the first successful operation of a scanning force microscope using microfabricated capacitive force sensors. The sensors, which are made from single crystal silicon on insulator wafers, consist of a cantilever spring with integrated tip at the free end and an electrically insulated counter electrode. Dynamic force gradient sensing is the preferred operating mode. Here, tip– sample...

Lumbar microdiscectomy, which relies on the operating microscope for visualization, was first described in the late 1970s. This operation is considered the gold standard procedure for patients who require surgery for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation causing radiculopathy that has not improved with conservative measures. A new approach to the management of symptomatic lumbar disc herniation, m...

Treatment costs for dental decay in young children can be substantial, especially if extensive dental procedures and general anesthesia in a hospital operating room (OR) are needed. Because caries in the primary dentition disproportionately affect children from low-income households, the cost for care frequently is reimbursed by state Medicaid programs. To determine whether the average treatmen...

This clinical article presents and describes the endodontic treatment of a mandibular second premolar exhibiting a total of four separate root canals. This incidence in mandibular second premolars is particularly rare in the international endodontic literature. Only some infrequent cases of mandibular second premolars with four canals have been presented; however, this was done without the use ...

Copyright: © 2015 Gandi P, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Comparative Study on Remineralizing Ability of Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and β-Tricalcium Phosphate on ...

Near-IR reflectance spectroscopy has been used to study the curing of ethyl cyanoacrylate adhesive on polished dental glass and microscope slide substrates. The effects of changing the glue film thickness and the type of substrate on the curing rate have been investigated whilst maintaining a constant humidity. The FTIR spectral data has been used to calculate and plot the extents of cure versu...

The mandibular first molars mostly have two mesial canals. In this report, two cases of mandibular first molars with three mesial canals are presented. The middle mesial canal was detected under endodontic microscope and further confirmed by cone-beam computed tomography and angled radiography, respectively. The purpose of this paper was to highlight the possibility of an aberrant root canal in...