abstract tax can be discussed from various aspects and in the meantime, evaluation the tax system performance is very important. this article try to point this out in 2005 and 2008 (the second and final year of the forth development plan) in the iranian economy and in provinces separately. to enable this comparison and homogeneity, iranian provinces are divided into three groups (developed, les...

today’s world economy situation forces enterprise organizations toward more soft and flexible organization, management, and production processes. they need to explore the most suitable knowledge management (km) tool not only to identify gaps and overlaps but also to maintain and support innovation cross organizations. in this study, a multiple-experts-multiple-criteria decision making model is ...

Rational agents can express discontent with a given distribution of income by threatening to disrupt an economy, if such a threat is profitable. This paper describes such circumstances in a two-class model. Social stability constraints define the acceptable set of income distributions, the range of which is determined by the extent to which income-generating abilities are vulnerable to disrupti...

Comparative political economy is often based on the premise that the latter is true. In particular, the now classic Varieties of Capitalism (VofC) comparative approach postulates two types of institutional frameworks. The general idea was that each institutional solution generates positive externalities which may or may not be captured by specific solutions in other institutional domains. There...

Political economy and economic sociology have developed in relative isolation from each other. While political economy focuses largely on macrophenomena, economic sociology focuses on the level of social interaction in the economy. The paper argues that economic sociology can provide a microfoundation of political economy beyond rational actor theory and behavioral economics. Based on a discuss...

Many researchers are concerned about the appropriateness of traditional research approaches and methodologies in the analysis of a digital economy. Using the Experimental Digital Economy (EDE), a new technology infrastructure that we have developed for a digital economy, we propose a new research methodology, a virtual field experiment, which makes it feasible and effective to test research hyp...

rural economy has an important role in rural sustainable development in every region or country. however, the rural economy in iran is too much depending on agriculture and development of other rural economy in particular nonfarm activities, has been neglected by iranian rural communities. therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the role of non-farm business on rural sustainable develo...

the employment is a requisite if one wants to have a normal life, decent meals and a place to stay; it socializes the people and gives them some survival and esteem feeling in the society. besides that employment boosts personal well fear, morale integrity and self confidence. in india economy is diverse where employees are employed in agriculture, handicraft, a wide range of modern industries,...

Shadow Economies and Corruption All Over the World: What Do We Really Know? Estimations of the size and development of the shadow economy for 145 countries, including developing, transition and highly developed OECD economies over the period 1999 to 2003 are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (as a percent of “official” GDP) in 2002/03 in 96 developing countries is 38.7%, in 25 t...

The objective of this chapter is to analyze empirically the potential dynamics of the relationship among the size of the shadow economy, fiscal burden and the official economy. The empirical analysis is based on the size estimates of the shadow economy in 17 developed and 11 transition economies of Europe for the period 1999-2013 and in 16 economies of Middle East and North Africa for the perio...