This study aims to determine whether the items in PISA 2018 Mathematical Literacy test show differential item functioning (DIF) according gender and parental education level. The sample of consisted a total 521 students who participated practice Turkey answered booklets numbered 1 7. research was conducted on 45 these booklets. Before proceeding DIF analysis, data were examined terms missing va...

This study forms part of a larger (Roux, 2020), which looked at the equivalence literary text across English, Afrikaans, and isiZulu from Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS). PIRLS is large-scale reading comprehension assessment that assesses Grade 4 students' literacy achievement. 2016 results for South African students indicated poor performance comprehension, with approx...