PURPOSE To evaluate a technique for contrast agent preparation as mixing the patients' blood with agitated saline and to compare it with agitated saline alone in diagnosis of cardiac right-to-left shunt in regard to their sensitivity, time window, and distribution of artificially induced microembolic signals. METHODS Fifty-two patients with stroke who had Transesophageal echocardiography prov...

because of superficial location and not being covered by boney structure, thyroid is the ideal organ for 2-dimensional gray scale ultrasonography. availability of relatively low cost equipment and ever increasing number of endocrinologists with expertise in thyroid ultrasound has made it an integral part of thyroid practice in the office of endocrinologists. in particular, the current recommend...

OBJECTIVE To establish reference intervals for the fetal cisterna magna volume by means of two-dimensional (2D) method using the multiplanar mode of three-dimensional ultrasonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study with 224 healthy pregnant women between the 17th and 29th gestational weeks. The volume was automatically obtained by multiplying the three major axes in axial and sag...

Urinary tract abnormalities are frequently detected during obstetrical ultrasonography (US). However, hypospadia is often missed on prenatal US, despite it being the most common congenital defect of the male external genitalia. The prenatal recognition of hypospadias is important because it will alert the physician to order karyotyping and to look for any possible associated dysmorphic syndrome...