This paper investigates the benefits of integrating coarse resolution satellite-derived precipitation estimates with quasi-point rain gauge data for generating a fine spatial resolution precipitation map product. To integrate the two precipitation data sources, a geostatistical downscaling and integration approach is presented that can account for the differences in spatial resolution between d...

We investigated the large-scale connection between African aerosol and precipitation in the West African Monsoon (WAM) region using 8-year (2000–2007) monthly and daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol products (aerosol optical depth, fine mode fraction) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation and rain type. These high-quality data further confi...

This paper reports on the precipitation behaviour and microstructural evolution in ~20% cold rolled NbMoV and V single microalloyed low carbon steels during intercritical annealing. The microstructure and precipitation behaviour were studied by optical and scanning/transmission electron microscopy and microanalysis, X-ray diffraction technique and Vickers hardness testing. After intercritical a...

The ongoing changes in vegetation spring phenology in temperate/cold regions are widely attributed to temperature. However, in arid/semiarid ecosystems, the correlation between spring temperature and phenology is much less clear. We test the hypothesis that precipitation plays an important role in the temperature dependency of phenology in arid/semiarid regions. We therefore investigated the in...

the stochastic outcomes and phenomenon of climate are the reason to use probability sciences in climatology. interactions of most of climatic phenomenon as well as justify them are very acceptable based on probability technique. accordingly it is useful in environmental management and planning. a conditional probability is the probability of an event given that another event has occurred e.g. l...

Daily precipitation statistics as simulated by the ERA-Interimdriven EURO-CORDEX regional climate model (RCM) ensemble are evaluated over two distinct regions of the European continent, namely the European Alps and Spain. The potential added value of the high-resolution 12 km experiments with respect to their 50 km resolution counterparts is investigated. The statistics considered consist of we...

The relationship between the inter-annual variability of precipitation and satellite derived Outgoing Long-wave Radiations (OLR) is studied over Pakistan during summer months for the period 1980-2007. Principal component analysis technique was applied in order to identify the major modes of oscillations present in the data series. The first four principal components explain 95% of the total var...

The internal gettering of iron in silicon via iron precipitation at low processing temperatures is known to improve solar cell efficiencies. Studies have found that the optimal temperature lies in the range of 500 o C-600 o C. In this paper, we present experimental results on quantitatively analysing the precipitation of interstitial Fe in multicrystalline silicon wafers during the 500 o C-600 ...

The Supercritical Anti-Solvent precipitation (SAS) technique was invested in order to obtain the precipitation of a beta receptor drug, sotalol hydrochloride, from two different organic solvents (methanol and ethanol). In preliminary studies the solubility of sotalol hydrochloride in CO2 was determined and with the SAS batch apparatus the precipitation pressure for different drug concentration ...