Under the Kyoto Protocol the European Union agreed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 8 percent. The Burden-Sharing Agreement (BSA) redistributes the reduction target among the member states. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the BSA. To determine if cost efficiency was considered, marginal abatement costs (MACs) are first calculated based on an estimation of the directional outp...

A mapping f from F2m to itself is almost perfect nonlinear (APN) if its directional derivatives in nonzero directions are all 2-to-1. Let Cf be the binary linear code of length 2 − 1, whose parity check matrix has its j-th column [ π f(π) ] , where π is a primitive element in F2m and j = 0, 1, · · · , 2 − 2. For m ≥ 3 and any quadratic APN function f(x) = ∑m−1 i,j=0 ai,jx 2+2 , ai,j ∈ F2m , it ...

The crosscorrelation of ambient acoustic noise observed at two receivers yields the impulse response between these receivers, assuming that the noise field is diffuse. In practical situations the noise field exhibits directionality, which imprints the angle-dependent correlation function. For the situation of a directional scatterer in a directional noise field, the correlation function contain...

In this paper, model predictive control (MPC) based on an adaptive neural-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is proposed to realize of omni-directional service robot in path tracking. The weight the cost function a traditional MPC needs be manually adjusted, and it difficult adjust satisfactory value. order improve performance accuracy MPC, fuzzy trained by ANFIS used adaptively MPC’s reduce error ...

Abstract This paper addresses the efficiency measurement of firms composed by multiple components, and assessed at different decision levels. In particular it develops models for three levels decision/production: subunit (production division/process), DMU (firm) industry (system). For each level, inefficiency is measured using a directional distance function developed measures are contrasted wi...

Objectives Hemispherical photography is used to characterize the structure of canopies and measure the gap fraction directional variation to retrieve variables such as the leaf area index (LAI), the fAPAR {Jonckheere, 2004 #3541};{Weiss, 2004 #2872}. Optical systems are not perfect and at least two main characteristics are required: • The coordinates of the optical centre • The projection funct...

In this paper, the directional lower and upper derivatives of the maxmin function are investigated by using the directional lower and upper derivative sets of the max-min set valued map. Sufficient conditions ensuring the existence of the directional derivative of the max-min function are obtained.

Given two convex polyhedra P and Q and a direction s, the minimum directional distance (MDD) is defined to be the shortest translational distance along the direction s that is required to make P and Q just in contact. In this paper we propose a novel method, called MDD-DUAL , for computing the MDD between two convex polyhedra. The MDD is equivalent to the shortest distance between the origin an...

Original models for direction relations ignored the restriction of topology and distance relations to direction representation. To improve the representation of direction relations model by pondering about the influence of topology and distance relations on direction relations, we categorize direction reference frame into topological reference and coarse directions reference and present a new d...

We propose a likelihood-based approach to Stochastic Non-Parametric Envelopment of Data (StoNED) estimator using directional distance function with firm-specific vectors. Additionally, we show how estimate inefficiency estimates instead focusing on their average only. Moreover, models that are robust misspecification in general and the use unit-information-priors this class models. These priors...