OBJECTIVE To analyze gender differences in the incidence and determinants of disability regarding instrumental activities of daily living among older adults. METHODS The data were extracted from the Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (SABE - Health, Wellbeing and Ageing) study. In 2000, 1,034 older adults without difficulty in regarding instrumental activities of daily living were selected. The ...

It is clear that one of the primary tools we can use to mitigate the potential risk from a misbehaving AI system is the ability to turn the system off. As the capabilities of AI systems improve, it is important to ensure that such systems do not adopt subgoals that prevent a human from switching them off. This is a challenge because many formulations of rational agents create strong incentives ...

The paper was to throw some light on the risk factors for diabetes disability among Bangladeshi adults of 18 years and above residing in both urban rural areas. In investigating adults, it decided cover 50.1% males 49.9% females maintain national level sex ratio sample. respondents were interviewed when they visiting diagnostic centres semi-urban percentage diabetic included sample 67% 25.5% th...

Safe exploration is a common problem in reinforcement learning (RL) that aims to prevent agents from making disastrous decisions while exploring their environment. A family of approaches this assume domain knowledge the form (partial) model environment decide upon safety an action. so-called shield forces RL agent select only safe actions. However, for adoption various applications, one must lo...

Nowadays, in countries such as Afghanistan and Iraq, land mines are posing a major danger to the lives of civilians. These explosive devices that designed disable or destroy enemy targets typically hidden beneath surface ground. Most placed just below ground triggered by pressure trip-wires. They contain number metallic components, which can be used detect them. The set up during times war may ...

Transitions to democracy promise equal political power. But ruptures carry no guarantee that can overcome the accumulated inequalities of history. In South Africa, transition shifted power from a racial minority in ways suggested an unusually high probability material change. This article analyzes limits public after democratic transitions. Why has post-Apartheid local state Johannesburg been u...

Mixed-paradigm process models integrate strengths of procedural and declarative representations like Petri nets Declare. They are specifically interesting for mining because they allow capturing complex behaviour in a compact way. A key research challenge the proliferation mixed-paradigm is lack corresponding conformance checking techniques. In this paper, we address problem by devising first a...

The feedback control system with network-connected components is vulnerable to cyberattacks. We study a problem of attack detection in supervisory discrete-event systems. scenario subjected actuator enablement attacks considered this article. also consider that some unsafe places should be protected from an attacker exist the system, and controllable events are disabled by supervisor might re-e...

Abstract Recent interest in the external validity of prediction models (i.e., problem different train and test distributions, known as dataset shift ) has produced many methods for finding predictive distributions that are invariant to shifts can be used new, unseen environments. However, these consider types have been developed under disparate frameworks, making it difficult theoretically anal...