Voltage-gated sodium channels are critical for the generation and propagation of electrical signals in most excitable cells. Activation of Na(+) channels initiates an action potential, and fast inactivation facilitates repolarization of the membrane by the outward K(+) current. Fast inactivation is also the main determinant of the refractory period between successive electrical impulses. Althou...

Given bounded vector field b : R → R, scalar field u : R → R and a smooth function β : R → R we study the characterisation of the distribution div(β(u)b) in terms of div b and div(ub). In the case of BV vector fields b (and under some further assumptions) such characterisation was obtained by L. Ambrosio, C. De Lellis and J. Malý, up to an error term which is a measure concentrated on so-called...

A study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of malocclusion in Jaipur city, India. A total of 700 subjects, in the age group of 16-26 years were divided into five groups of normal occlusion, Angle's Class I, Class II Div 1, Class II Div 2 and Class III malocclusion. The results revealed that the prevalence of malocclusion was 66.3%, with the majority of them having Class I malocclusion (...

In this short paper, we introduce an efficient finite element method for solving the Stokes equations based on a divergence free H(div) element. The strong curl of C0-Pk+1 basis functions forms divergence-free subspace Pk-H(div) (i.e. BDMk) space. [Pk+1]2×2 weak gradients are employed these non-H1 to obtain conforming formulation. A strength approach is that saddle point problem replaced by sym...

Noradrenergic inputs modulate hippocampal function via distinct receptors. In hippocampal neuronal cultures, mRNA expression of adrenoceptor subtypes is maintained from 1 day in vitro (DIV) to 22 DIV. Noradrenaline dose-dependently stimulates phosphoinositide (PI) breakdown in both immature and mature cultures through the activation of alpha1 receptors. At 22 DIV, basal PI breakdown depends on ...

A summary of the content of a text as continuous prose. contents A table of contents, specifying the structure of a work and listing its constituents. e element shouldbe used to mark its structure. frontispiece A pictorial frontispiece, possibly including some text. e following extended example demonstrates how various parts of the front maer of a text may be encoded. efront ...

We have studied the developmental changes of glutamate-induced calcium (Ca²⁺) response in primary cultured hippocampal neurons at three different stages of cultures, 3, 7-8, and 14-16 days in vitro (DIV), using fura-2 single-cell digital micro-fluorimetry. We found that glutamate-induced Ca²⁺ signaling was altered during development, and that two different ionotropic glutamate receptors, α-amin...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules that regulate nervous system physiology. ROS have been related to neural differentiation, neuritogenesis, and programmed cell death. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the regulation of ROS during neuronal development. In this study, we evaluated the mechanisms by which ROS are regulated during neuronal develop...