Preventing diversion and abuse of prescription controlled substances while ensuring their availability for legitimate medical use is an important public health goal in the United States. In one approach to preventing and identifying drug diversion, 17 states have implemented prescription monitoring programs (PMPs) to monitor the prescribing of certain controlled substances. While PMPs are not i...

Floating objects designed to divert woody debris—known as debris diversion devices—can protect hydrokinetic turbines deployed in rivers; they also change the hydrodynamic conditions of a river, at least locally. Modifications associated with velocity adjustments in both magnitude and direction would be expected. Thus, one could assume that extra macro-turbulent levels would be found immediately...

Using a direct estimate of income diversion for 156 firms from 1999 through 2004, we show that an increase in tax enforcement following the election of Vladimir Putin in 2000 is associated with a decrease in the appropriation of private rents by insiders in those firms investigated for tax evasion. We also find evidence consistent with a simultaneous spillover effect: the largest non-government...

PURPOSE The analgesic Tramadol HCl (Ultram) was approved in 1994 as a non-scheduled drug under the CSA provided that a novel risk-management program would be developed by an Independent Steering Committee (ISC). The risk-management program began in 1995 with the launch of Ultram, and has been modified over the past decade to accommodate Ultracet (Ultram and acetaminophen) in 2001 and generic tr...

Acute renal failure is a rare complication of retrograde pyelography. We demonstrate a patient who experienced acute renal failure induced by bilateral retrograde pyelography. The possible mechanisms, including renal and post-renal causes, are also discussed. Post-obstructive diuretic phase after early urinary diversion is an evidence of obstructive renal failure. Early urinary diversion also s...

Compared with Eq. (32), equity value is reduced by the expected deadweight loss from diversion, (1−qT )(1−λ)XB 1+r . Effectively, shareholders bear the full cost of diversion by paying a high interest rate on debt. It follows that the optimal debt in this range is D∗. It follows that the target chooses between taking high debt D∗ and diverting value from creditors in the bad state and taking lo...

Heightened awareness and concern regarding the large number of mentally ill misdemeanants in jails has led to a search for alternatives to jail and to the development nationwide of jail diversion programs for offenders with mental illness. Two such mechanisms-diversion to civil commitment and the use of mental health courts-are briefly reviewed. In Oregon, however, a rather unique mechanism is ...

Long considered oncologically hazardous or functionally damaging, radical cystectomy with orthotopic urinary diversion is the accepted standard of care for invasive bladder cancer. A number of anatomical and clinical observations have come together to make orthotopic urinary diversion possible for female patients. Not only have these observations led to the development of an oncologically safe,...

BACKGROUND Patients with advanced gynecologic malignancy often require fecal diversion as a sole procedure in cases of obstruction or fistula formation. This unique patient population has a frequent history of advanced age, prior abdominal surgery, pelvic radiation, poor nutritional status and medical comorbidities. The use of laparoscopic colostomy for palliative fecal diversion in this contex...

Familial intrahepatic cholestasis (FIC) comprises a group of rare cholestatic liver diseases associated with canalicular transport defects resulting predominantly from mutations in ATP8B1, ABCB11 and ABCB4. Phenotypes range from benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC), associated with recurrent cholestatic attacks, to progressive FIC (PFIC). Patients often suffer from severe pruritus a...