environmental optimizing of pest management strategies and improving theirs trends towards minimum environmental risks programs is a matter of considerable concern of food scientists particularly in developing countries. this study evaluates the environmental impacts of pesticides consumption based on environmental impact quotient (eiq) model in different sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.) productio...

Documenting and exploring the patterns of diversity of life on Earth has always been a central theme in biology. Species richness despite being the most commonly used measure of diversity in macroecological studies suffers from not considering the evolutionary and ecological differences among species. Phylogenetic diversity (PD) and functional diversity (FD) have been proposed as alternative me...

Spatial variation in diversity results from the interplay of ecological and evolutionary mechanisms acting over contemporary and historical time frames (MacArthur 1972, Graham et al. 2006, Ricklefs 2006, Jetz et al. 2012). Numerous attempts have been made to evaluate the relative roles of ecological and evolutionary factors that operate at diverse spatial and temporal scales in shaping patterns...

Biological diversity in areas of land use (called ‘agrodiversity’ in the People, Land Management and Environmental Change – PLEC project) is not simply a function of the diversity of species and varieties of biota. Naturally, it does concern standard ecological biodiversity aspects (often termed ‘agro-biodiversity’ or ‘agricultural biodiversity’). Usually it is used to tell the tale of how mode...

The origin of most animal phyla and classes during the Cambrian explosion has been hypothesized to represent an 'early burst' of evolutionary exploration of functional ecological possibilities. However, the ecological history of marine animals has yet to be fully quantified, preventing an assessment of the early-burst model for functional ecology. Here we use ecological assignments for 18,621 m...

"> The present study described the diversity of wheat and barley varieties andlandraces available in farmer’s fields in Syria using different indicators. Analysisof spatial and temporal diversity and coefficient of parentage along withmeasurements of agronomic and morphological traits were employed to explain thediversity of wheat and barley varieties or landraces grown by farmers in Syria.Farm...

Diversity is the hard currency of ecologists. Various statistics have been developed for summarizing the diversity of an ecological community. A commonly adopted summary statistic is the Shannon-Weiner index: H " #!pilnpi, where pi is the frequency of the ith species. In addition, species richness (the number of different species) often is reported, and recent work emphasizes the importance of ...

Ecological destruction in human-dominated landscapes has significant impacts on environment sustainability internationally. Landscape planning can play a role in mitigating the effects of human-related activities. One element of landscape planning involves the analysis of the biological, spatial and social arrangement of areas in an urban environment and identifying characteristics that are und...