There are at least three independent ways in which the solar wind modulates the flow of current density (J z) in the global electric circuit. These are (A) changes in the galactic cosmic ray energy spectrum, (B) changes in the precipitation of relativistic electrons from the magnetosphere, and (C) changes in the ionospheric potential distribution in the polar caps due to magnetosphereionosphere...

A one-dimensional model has been developed to investigate the thermal decomposition of rocket grade hydrogen peroxide (HP) in a stream of previously decomposed HP products. The model developed assumes steady, one-dimensional adiabatic flow and includes basic mass balances, droplet evaporation, gasphase decomposition kinetics, droplet dynamics, and control volume conservation laws. The code is a...

Ubiquitin confined within nanodroplets was irradiated with a variable-power CO2 laser. Mass spectrometry analysis shows evidence for a protein "melting"-like transition within droplets prior to solvent evaporation and ion formation. Ion mobility spectrometry reveals that structures associated with early steps of denaturation are trapped because of short droplet lifetimes.

Highly ordered radially aligned microchannels are produced on the surface of polymer nanocomposite thin films via droplet evaporation. This simple, rapid, and cost-effective approach opens a new avenue for producing macroscopic surface patterns that have potential as scaffolds or substrates in the field of microelectronics or microfluidic-based biochips.

Colloidal particles absorbed at the interface of a liquid droplet arrange into unique packings during slow evaporation [V.N. Manoharan et al., Science 301, 483 (2003)]. We present a numerical and theoretical analysis of the packing selection problem. The selection of a unique packing arises almost entirely from geometrical constraints during the drying.

The evaporation/condensation coefficient (β) and the evaporation rate (γ) for n-dodecane vs. temperature, gas pressure, gas and liquid density, and solvation effects at a droplet surface are analysed using quantum chemical density functional theory calculations of several ensembles of conformers of n-dodecane molecules in the gas phase (hybrid functional ωB97X-D with the cc-pVTZ and cc-pVDZ bas...

Label-free, rapid detection of biomolecules in microliter volumes of highly diluted solutions (subfemtomolar) is of essential importance for numerous applications in medical diagnostics, food safety, and chem-bio sensing for homeland security. At ultra-low concentrations, regardless of the sensitivity of the detection approach, the sensor response time is limited by physical diffusion of molecu...

We investigate hitherto-unexplored flow characteristics inside a sessile droplet evaporating on heated hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces and propose the use of evaporation-induced flow as a means to promote efficient "on-the-spot" mixing in microliter-sized droplets. Evaporative cooling at the droplet interface establishes a temperature gradient that induces buoyancy-driven convection i...