The bacterial flagellar type III export apparatus utilizes ATP and proton motive force (PMF) to transport flagellar proteins to the distal end of the growing flagellar structure for self-assembly. The transmembrane export gate complex is a H+-protein antiporter, of which activity is greatly augmented by an associated cytoplasmic ATPase complex. Here, we report that the export gate complex can u...

Methane is a popular alternative fuel for internal combustion engines due to its availability in many forms such as methane hydrates, natural gas, biogas, compressed liquid synthetic and pipe gas. can be effectively used existing diesel dual-fuel mode with few modifications. Dual-fuel technology helps bridge conventional gaseous fuel-powered engines. The properties of methane, including higher ...

Gasoline direct injection provides reduced engine emissions, increased power, and increased fuel economy as compared to port fuel injection (PFI). Reduced emissions are largely due to starting the engine using high fuel pressure (up to 150 bar) and injecting into the compression stroke. During a cold start, fuel pressure must be increased from lift pump pressure (typically 4 to 6 bar) to desire...

2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF2) has been recently regarded as a promising alternative engine fuel. However, the chemical reaction mechanism for MTHF2 combustion in not reported to date. In this study, reduced diesel/MTHF2 with only 78 species among 233 reactions was constructed dual-fuel simulations. Firstly, diesel surrogate involving sub-mechanisms of n-decane, iso-octane, methylcyclohexane (...

Biogas derived from organic wastes is considered as good alternative to petroleum fuels. It can be used in compression ignition (CI) engines, because of its better mixing ability with air and clean burning nature. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion of various organic substances such as kitchen wastes, agricultural wastes, municipal solid wastes, cow dung etc., in absence of oxygen, which...

The increasing use of fuels derived from oil, deepens concern about the fact that non-fossil fuels have to be considered as the fuels of the future. Among the alternatives, hydrogen produced from the abundant sources of water, seems to be one of the best, but it suffers drawbacks with regard to combustion, storage and transportation. The other alternatives are ammonia, produced from unlimited s...