The ethanol blend wall and high RIN prices has become a controversial policy issue. We develop a model showing how RIN prices reflect the costs of overcoming the blend wall, namely biodiesel consumed in excess of its mandate and expansion of E85 sales. These costs are very high and are shown to be borne by producers and consumers of ethanol and gasoline. Although RIN prices reduce consumer pric...

Abstract The German federal government intended to alleviate the burden of increasing fuel prices by introducing a temporary reduction energy taxes on gasoline and diesel. In order evaluate impact this measure consumer at filling stations development procurement costs for crude oil as well downstream refinery distribution margins have be taken into account. It turns out that about 80 % tax has ...

Background: The knowledge of the effects of prenatal sensory environment on the development of sensory systems and other behavioral traits has important implications with regard to the optimum management of preterm infants. There is a controversy regarding the potential benefits and hazards of providing supplemental sensory stimulation to preterm infants. The views range from the perceived impo...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool for generating 3-dimensional structural and functional image data. MRI has already proven valuable in creating atlases of mouse and quail development. Here, we have exploited high resolution MRI to determine the parameters necessary to acquire images of the chick embryo eye. Using a 9.4 Tesla (400 MHz) high field ultra-shielded and refrigerate...

Mode multiplexers/demultiplexers (MUX/deMUX) are key components in mode division multiplexing. A silica waveguide MUX consisting of four cascaded directional couplers is experimentally demonstrated. The beam propagation method used the device design and optimization. Thermal oxidation, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, ultraviolet photolithography adopted fabrication. measurement resul...

ion from the water molecule may be smaller than that from the ethanol molecule. A main source of the experimental error in D comes from the fitting error of the double-exponential function.2b Recently, Donkers and Leaist have reported D of BQ and AP in ethanol determined by the Tayler dispersion (TD) method as 1.44 and 1.26 × 10-9 m2 s-1, respectively.39 Our values from the TG method are close ...

The development of retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filters and the expansion of accepted placement indications have resulted in a significant rise in the number of IVC filter placements. However, retrieval rates remain low, increasing the likelihood of longer dwell times and complicated retrievals. Interest in advanced IVC filter retrieval techniques has grown, but standardized approaches ...

Rising educational attainment and research intensity in recent decades suggest that the U.S. economy is far from its steady state. This paper develops a model reconciling these facts with the stability of U.S. growth rates. In the model, long-run growth arises from the worldwide discovery of ideas, which depends on population growth. Nevertheless, constant growth can temporarily proceed at a fa...

We clarify the role played by BPS states in the calculation of threshold corrections of D=4, N=2 heterotic string compactifications. We evaluate these corrections for some classes of compactifications and show that they are sums of logarithmic functions over the positive roots of generalized Kac-Moody algebras. Moreover, a certain limit of the formulae suggests a reformulation of heterotic stri...