The study investigated the impact of ethanol blends on criteria emissions (THC, NMHC, CO, NOx), greenhouse gas (CO2), and a suite of unregulated pollutants in a fleet of gasoline-powered light-duty vehicles. The vehicles ranged in model year from 1984 to 2007 and included one Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV). Emission and fuel consumption measurements were performed in duplicate or triplicate over t...

In mammals, topographic maps emerge from initially diffuse projections during development. To gain insight into the mechanisms governing the transition from a diffuse projection to a topographic map, we studied topographic specificity of functional connections during development, using the cat corticorubral system as a model. In the adult cat, rubrospinal neurons in the dorsomedial part of the ...

This paper investigates whether the monetary policy and the market structure have anything to do with the declining share of labor in the U.S in recent decades. For this purpose: (a) a dynamic general equilibrium model is constructed and used in conjunction with data over the 2000-2014 period to compute the income shares; (b) the latter are compared to those reported from various sources for si...

An artiˆcial lightweight soil has been developed as a backˆll to reduce the earth pressure behind port and harbor structures. To reduce the unit weight lightening ingredient such as air foam or EPS beads is mixed within slurry of dredged soft clay, while cement is used as stabilizer to warrant compressive strength. This experimental study aims to characterize the strength and deformation proper...

OBJECTIVE Prevalence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) disease is increasing worldwide. We aim to test correlation of T1D prevalence to the reduced natural selection measured by Biological State Index (Ibs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Country-specific estimates of T1D prevalence, life expectancy, obesity prevalence rate, urbanization rates, per capita sugars consumption and per capita gross domestic p...

The conventional wisdom in economic theory prescribes that the major role of the Central Bank is to design and conduct active monetary policy aiming at curbing inflation and achieving the price stability. After half a century of endeavors in attaining this target, Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran has gone through tumultuous periods gaining mixed results in its efforts. The asse...

During development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, thalamic axons must grow into the telencephalon and select appropriate cortical targets. In order to begin to understand the cellular interactions that are important in cortical target selection by thalamic axons, we have examined the morphology of axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) as they navigate their way to the primary visua...

Financial frictions and financial shocks can affect the trade-off between inflation stabilization and output-gap stabilization faced by a central bank. Financial frictions lead to a greater response in output following any deviation of inflation from target and thus lead to an increase in the sacrifice ratio. As a result, optimal monetary policy in the face of credit frictions is to allow great...

Child maltreatment is a global public health problem of epidemic proportions [1]. Internationally, the prevalence is striking, with reports suggesting that 25%e50% of children report being physically abused [1]. The annual estimates of child maltreatment in the developed world are highest in the United States: 3.4 million referrals of child abuse involved 6.2 million children in 2011 [2]. It is...

Tension wood generates axial tensile stress and tangential compressive stress during its formation, but the mechanism causing this stress is not yet fully understood. A micro-mechanical model is used to test different hypothetic mechanism, based on the assumption that one of the constituents of tension wood undergoes a dimensional change during the formation of the wall. The consistency between...