mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of molds and have adverse effects on humans, animals, and crops. those can cause illnesses and economic losses. aflatoxin m1 (afm1) is one of the mycotoxins produced from the hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin b1 (afb1). it can be found in milk or milk products obtained from livestock that have ingested contaminated feed. in this paper, recent studies were...

decline in postharvest losses of kiwifruit depended to maintain of quality characteristics during storage and transportation. storage losses caused serious economic losses in kiwifruit. this study was conducted to inhibition of pathogen infection and increasing fruit quality of kiwifruit. hayward kiwifruits inoculated by b.cinerea conidia through pore wounds which formed by removal of the pedic...

BACKGROUND The economic consequences of mental illnesses are much more than health consequences. In Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC) the economic impact of mental illnesses is rarely analyzed. This paper attempts to fill the gap in research on economics of mental health in LMIC. We provide economic burden of mental illness in Pakistan that can serve as an argument for reorienting health p...

Economic losses due to livestock poisoning by plants can be defined as direct and indirect. Direct losses are caused by death of animals, lower reproductive performance (abortions, infertility, and malformations), reduced production of surviving animals and other alterations due to transitory illness, sub clinical diseases with decreased production of milk, meat or wool, and increased susceptib...

In this study, we estimate yield losses and economic damage of two major crops (winter wheat and rabi rice) due to surface ozone (O3) exposure using hourly O3 concentrations for the period 2002-2007 in India. This study estimates crop yield losses according to two indices of O3 exposure: 7-h seasonal daytime (0900-1600 hours) mean measured O3 concentration (M7) and AOT40 (accumulation exposure ...

Objective: To summarize results of studies that estimate the social costs of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug abuse in Russia. The purpose of these studies was to inform policymakers about the real economic burden of risky behaviors and to provide conditions for evidencebased and well-informed decision making in this area. Methods: The cost-of-illness method was applied to estimate the social...