The sanctioning of norm-violating behavior by an effective formal authority is an efficient solution for social dilemmas. It is in the self-interest of voters and is often favorably contrasted with letting citizens take punishment into their own hands. Allowing informal sanctions, by contrast, not only comes with a danger that punishments will be misapplied, but also should have no efficiency b...

right of enforcement developed to the right of effective enforcement which both rooted in judicial protection. effective enforcement needs to foresee clear and useful, expeditious and cheap methods that helps the collection of defendant’s financial information and facilitates voluntary enforcement of judgment and finally use of professional and independent persons in execution process. in irani...

To the Editors: Recently, Baftiu et al. published a very nice and important paper entitled: “Availability of antiepileptic drugs across Europe.” In their study, they observed that the main reasons for poor access to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in European countries were lack of regulatory approval, high prices, and reimbursement restrictions. There were large gaps in AED availability across Euro...