Multilevel data are very common in educational research. Hierarchical linear models/linear mixed-effects models (HLMs/LMEs) are often utilized to analyze multilevel data nowadays. This paper discusses the problems of utilizing ordinary regressions for modeling multilevel educational data, compare the data analytic results from three regression techniques, and demonstrate the appropriate use of ...

In this paper we consider the appropriateness of education, compared to occupation and income, as a measure of social class for use in health-related studies in developing societies in transition. Three evaluation criteria were used, namely, the feasibility of constructing the measure, its sensitivity in reflecting relevant social class life conditions, and its ability to produce a family-level...

OBJECTIVE To analyse trends in mortality inequalities by educational level for main causes of death among men and women in Barcelona, Spain, at the turn of the 21st century (1992-2003). METHODS The population of reference was all Barcelona residents older than 19 years. All deaths between 1992-2003 were included. Educational level was obtained through record linkage between the mortality regi...

BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals have increased risk of cancer. To our knowledge, no previous study has examined the impact of socioeconomic position on risk and prognosis of cancer in HIV infection. METHODS Population-based cohort-study, including HIV-infected individuals diagnosed (without intravenous drug abuse or hepatitis C infection) (n = 3205), and a b...

In the present study, we examined the association between maternal education and unhealthy eating behaviour (the consumption of snack and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB)) and explored environmental factors that might mediate this association in 11-year-old children. These environmental factors include home availability of snacks and SSB, parental rules about snack and SSB consumption, parental ...

PURPOSE To determine the performance of normal subjects with low educational level on the M1-Alpha test, and to obtain parameters for potential use in the clinical evaluation of aphasic patients with low educational level. METHODS Participants were 30 normal subjects with low educational level (one to four years of schooling), 15 male and 15 female, with ages over 18 years and below 60 years....

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyse whether differences exist in social class or education level in coronary heart disease (CHD) secondary prevention and in cardiovascular risk factor control in a universal coverage health care system. DESIGN Cross-sectional multi-centre study. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 1022 CHD patients recruited from residents in the catchment areas covered ...

BACKGROUND Within Europe, women in the southern regions have the lowest inequalities in mortality. This study evaluates inequalities in mortality from different causes by educational level and their contribution to total mortality inequalities in adult women in one of these regions. METHODS The 2001 population census in the Region of Madrid was linked with deaths in the following 20 months ac...

BACKGROUND Lifestyle diseases and cardiovascular complications are dramatically increasing, but little is known about the impact of educational level and health behaviour in men and women in different populations. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between educational level (EL) and self-reported chronic diseases and health behaviour in both sexes. METHODS Data were derived fr...