Islet damage from glucose toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, but the sequence of events leading to islet cell dysfunction and hyperglycemia remains unclear. To examine the early stages of islet pathology resulting from increased basal glucose loads, normal awake rats were infused with glucose continuously for 10 days. Plasma glucose and markers of islet and liver fun...

The genetic structure of three contiguous wild chimpanzee communities in West Africa was examined to determine the extent to which the community, the mixed-sex social unit of chimpanzees, represents a closed reproductive unit. An analysis of paternity for 41 offspring resulted in 34 cases of paternity assignment to an adult male belonging to the same community. Among the 14 offspring for which ...

Impaired effectiveness of glucose to suppress endogenous glucose production (EGP) is an important cause of worsening hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) may impair glucose effectiveness via several mechanisms, including rapid changes in metabolic fluxes and/or more gradual changes in gene expression of key enzymes or other proteins. Thus, we examined the magnitude...

Elevation of plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels has been shown in various studies to induce peripheral tissue insulin resistance and impair the suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP). These studies have been conducted predominantly in men. We compared the effects of elevated plasma NEFA levels on basal and insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in 8 normal women (age 42 +/...

Antecedent hypoglycemia can blunt counterregulatory responses to subsequent hypoglycemia. It is uncertain, however, if prior hypoglycemia can blunt counterregulatory responses to other physiologic stresses. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine whether antecedent hypoglycemia attenuates subsequent neuroendocrine and metabolic responses to exercise. Sixteen lean, healthy adults (eig...

Residual feed intake (RFI), defined as the differences between observed and expected feed intake based on growth and backfat, has been used to select for improved feed efficiency in beef cattle, poultry, and now swine. However, little is known about the main biological factors that contribute to the variation in RFI in swine. The objectives of the experiments in this thesis were to compare the ...

BACKGROUND All previous studies that investigated the association between abdominal fat distribution and insulin resistance evaluated subcutaneous and visceral fat area and/or volume, but these values were not related to the body type of each subject. In the present study we have examined the association between abdominal fat distribution and peripheral (muscle)/hepatic sensitivity to insulin u...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the pharmacodynamic profile and duration of action for five subcutaneous doses of insulin detemir (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 units/kg; 1 unit = 24 nmol) and one subcutaneous dose of NPH insulin (0.3 IU/kg; 1 IU = 6 nmol). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This single-center, randomized, double-blind, six-period, crossover study was carried out as a 24-h isoglycemic clamp ...