In Aplysia, noxious stimuli induce sensitization of defensive responses. However, it remains largely unknown whether such stimuli also alter nondefensive behaviors. In this study, we examined the effects of noxious stimuli on feeding. Strong electric shocks, capable of inducing sensitization, also led to the suppression of feeding. The use of multiple training protocols revealed that the time c...

Deduce expressions for the force on a permanent Ampèrian magnetic dipole with momentmA (due to a loop of electrical current), and for the force on a permanent Gilbertian magnetic dipolemG (due to a pair of opposite magnetic charges), when the dipoles are (instantaneously at rest in an external electromagnetic field. Experiments have been performed to determine whether a neutron [6] has an Ampèr...

When a composite containing nonlinear dielectric particles suspended in a host medium is subjected to a sinusoidal alternating current (ac) electric field, the dielectric response of the composite will generally consist of ac fields at frequencies of higher order harmonics. For an electrorheological (ER) solid under structure transformations due to external fields, we apply the Ewald-Kornfeld f...

Through plasticity the brain is able to change its function and to rearrange following injury or environmental changes. In recent years, it was shown that non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, especially transcra- nial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can contribute to understand how these plastic changes occur. Additionally, the literatu...

This experiment confi rms and extends an earlier finding that a hungry rhesus monkey (0) will avoid securing food if this subjects another mon key (SA) to electric shock. In the present series this "sacrificial" behavior was manifested in 6 of 10 animals independently of the relative position of the two animals in a dominance hierarchy. It was also found that while prior shock of the 0 resulted...

Research based on event-related potential (ERP) reported mediofrontal negativities following unexpected negative feedback or performance error. Some authors proposed that these signals reflect reward prediction error for worse than expected outcomes, while others suggested that mediofrontal negativities express medial prefrontal cortex coding for unexpected non-occurrence of a predicted outcome...

A 4-interval forced-choice procedure was used to determine the detection threshold for electric shock in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic criminals. The use of a constant-current stimulator, a concentric electrode, and monitoring of the skin-electrode impedance permitted precise control over the characteristics of shock administered. The results indicated that the psychopathic Ss had a signific...

Aluminum electrolytic capacitors (AECs) are widely used for alternating current (ac) line-filtering. However, their bulky size is becoming more and more incompatible with the rapid development of portable electronics. Here we report a scalable process to fabricate miniaturized graphene-based ac line-filters on flexible substrates at room temperature. In this work, graphene oxide (GO) is reduced...