Tim-3 is highly expressed on a subset of T cells during T cell exhaustion in settings of chronic viral infection and tumors. Using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Clone 13, a model for chronic infection, we found that Tim-3 was neither necessary nor sufficient for the development of T cell exhaustion. Nonetheless, expression of Tim-3 was sufficient to drive resistance to PD-L1 blockad...

TIM-4, a member of the TIM family expressed on antigen-presenting cells, binds to phosphatidylserine exposed on the surface of apoptotic bodies. However, the significance of this interaction in vivo remains unknown because other receptors have been implicated in the clearance of apoptotic bodies and could compensate for the TIM-4 deficiency in vivo. In this study, we describe the generation of ...

Tregs play a pivotal role in inducing and maintaining donor-specific transplant tolerance. The T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 protein (TIM-3) is expressed on many fully activated effector T cells. Along with program death 1 (PD-1), TIM-3 is used as a marker for exhausted effector T cells, and interaction with its ligand, galectin-9, leads to selective death of TIM-3+ cells. We report ...

Molten salt electrolysis is a proven technology for the extraction of metals -all the world's primary aluminum is produced in this manner. The unique properties of molten salts also make them excellent media in which to treat a variety of forms of waste. Of special note in this regard is electrolysis in molten oxides, a concept put forward by the author, initially as a "clean technology" for pr...

We performed a ultra—short width high voltage pulse electrolysis using a thin Pd wire cathode; a diluted electrolytic solution of D2O+LiOD was used in a peculiar wire—turned electrodes geometry. The deuterated Pd loading was evaluated by the D/Pd normalised electric resistance curve (R/Ro). After a long time of electrolysis a very high D/Pd loading (1:1 or more) was reached. Very low R/Ro (< 0....

A composite cathode based on redox-stable La0.2Sr0.8TiO(3+δ) (LSTO) can perform direct carbon dioxide electrolysis; however, the insufficient electro-catalytic activity limits the electrode performances and current efficiencies. In this work, catalytically active scandium is doped into LSTO to enhance the electro-catalytic activity for CO2 electrolysis. The structures, electronic conductivities...

This paper presents a neural network model based on the cell resistance signal. In the model, the anode current spectral energy is set as the input vector; the normal production, anode anomaly and metal wave are set as the output sample. By using genetic algorithm to optimize the initial weights and thresholds of the network, the model realized the diagnosis of the anode anomaly and metal wave ...

On electrolysis of NAD+ in aqueous solution at a potential corresponding to the initial one-electron reduction of NAD+ to a free radical, a greenish-yellow color appears which fades when electrolysis is complete. Literature ultraviolet absorption data for the resulting dimer show considerable variation. When the electrolysis is conducted in darkness, the colored product has epsilon 340 of appro...

Nuclear energy can be used as the primary energy source in centralized hydrogen production through high-temperature thermochemical processes, water electrolysis, or high-temperature steam electrolysis. Energy efficiency is important in providing hydrogen economically and in a climate friendly manner. High operating temperatures are needed for more efficient thermochemical and electrochemical hy...