This paper presents a mathematical algorithm and an electronic device to study soil resistivity. The system was based on introducing time-varying electrical signal into the by using two electrodes then collecting response of soil. Hence, proposed relied single-phase DC-to-AC converter followed transformer for soil-to-circuit coupling. By maximum likelihood statistical method, realized discern n...

This paper describes the design and evaluation of a joystick-like device that allows direct surgeon control of the computer in the operating room. The device contains no electronic parts, is easy to use, is unobtrusive, has no physical connection to the computer, and makes use of an existing surgical tool. The device was tested in comparison to a mouse and to verbal dictation.