OBJECTIVE Compared with other lower cranial nerves, the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPhN) is well hidden within the jugular foramen, at the infratemporal fossa, and in the deep layers of the neck. This study aims to disclose the course of the GPhN and point out landmarks to aid in its exposure. METHODS The GPhN was studied in 10 cadaveric heads (20 sides) injected with colored latex for microsurg...

This study investigated the existence of association between the angulation of the styloid process on the anterior and medial directions with the intensity of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) symptoms. Fifty patients (8 men and 42 women) aged 25 to 70 years, with relevant TMD symptoms were evaluated. Clinical examinations were performed to determine the severity of TMD symptoms (orofacial pa...

Eagle syndrome is a rare condition presenting with retroauricular pain (usually as main symptom) associated with dysphagia, headache, neck pain on rotation and, much rarelier, stroke. This occurs due to styloid process elongation. Sometimes, there is also styloid ligament calcification, which can cause compression of nerves and arteries and the symptoms above. Treatment can be conservative with...

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is not just a painful condition. At times, it may be life-threatening as a result of associated cardiovascular consequences. Even in the absence of life-threatening consequences, it can be a severe debilitating disease with depression, suicidal tendencies, fear of swallowing, loss of weight and under-nutrition. The treatment for glossopharyngeal neuralgia and Eagle's ...

Pneumatisation of styloid process is a very rare finding and has never been reported previously. We present a unique case of a pneumatised styloid process with a cholesteatoma arising within the cavity. We describe the clinical features, associated radiological findings, and management of this lesion.

Introduction Eagle syndrome, also termed stylohyoid syndrome is a radioclinical entity characterized by an elongated styloid process. Although frequent, it remains largely underdiagnosed by clinicians [1]. We report one case of Eagle syndrome studied at the ENT and radiology departments of the Heinrich Lübke hospital in Dioubrel. Radiologic, therapeutic and clinical data have been documented. T...

In the course of normal development in man, the middle and largest part of the second branchial arch, the keratohyal cartilage, develops into a fibrous cord, the so-called stylohyoid ligament. Ossification takes place solely at its two ends, that is, in the hyoid bone and in the styloid process of the skull. In the present paper the significance for the clinical rheumatologist of some developme...

Introduction: Eagle’s syndrome is a constellation of signs secondary to an elongated styloid process or due to mineralization of the stylohyoid or stylomandibular ligament or the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. The syndrome includes symptoms ranging from stylalgia (i.e. pain in the tonsillar fossa, pharyngeal or hyoid region) to foreign-body sensation in the throat, cervicofacial pain,...