The special field of endocrinology deals with the hormonal system. This includes, among other things, the function of hormones, the anatomy and physiology of endocrine glands and the feedback mechanisms of hormone regulation. This article explains the physiology of the endocrine system and provides graphical illustrations. The physiology of the endocrine system is a vast field that plays a role...

endocrine diseases, known as a curable etiology for depression, are common among men living with hiv (mlwh); while depression impedes the adherence to treatment and the perceived quality of life. we evaluated the changes in the depressive symptoms after the medical treatment of the underlying endocrine diseases among iranian mlwh. since april 2013 to march 2014, a convenience sample of 296 mlwh...

Concern has been raised in recent years that exposure to wastewater treatment effluents containing estrogenic chemicals can disrupt the endocrine functioning of riverine fish and cause permanent alterations in the structure and function of the reproductive system. Reproductive disorders may not necessarily arise as a result of estrogenic effects alone, and there is a need for a better understan...

Bone has been considered a structure essential for mobility, calcium homeostasis, and hematopoietic function. Recent advances in bone biology have highlighted the importance of skeleton as an endocrine organ which regulates some metabolic pathways, in particular, insulin signaling and glucose tolerance. This review will point out the role of bone as an endocrine "gland" and, specifically, of bo...

The discovery of cardiac natriuretic hormones required a profound revision of the concept of heart function. The heart should no longer be considered only as a pump but rather as a multifunctional and interactive organ that is part of a complex network and active component of the integrated systems of the body. In this review, we first consider the cross-talk between endocrine and contractile f...

Immune cells (lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages, granulocytes and mast cells) produce numerous hormones, store and secrete them. In addition these cells have receptors for hormones and signal transduction pathways. These functions are under the control of the central nervous system (neuro-immune regulation), and there is a dynamic multi-directional interaction within the neuroimmune circui...

Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by recurrent or persisting pain. As the exocrine pancreatic insufficiency occurs early in the progression of the disease, the endocrine function may persist intact. Imaging procedures and pancreatic function tests are used to make a diagnosis. Therapy consists of pain reduction, which might require endoscopic or surgical intervention. Treatment of exocrine ...

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic substances able to mimic, interfere with, block endogenous hormones, thus disrupting the normal function of endocrine system. Most them largely applied in agriculture and industry. As a result, humans chronically exposed mixtures EDCs. Their adverse effect on human health may appear long after exposure, making it difficult assess th...

Pax6 transcription factor is required for islet cell number, morphology, and hormone gene expression. The perinatal lethality of Pax6 null mutants has restricted investigation of the role of Pax6 in normal endocrine cell function. Therefore, we devised the conditional inactivation of Pax6 using the Pdx1 and Pax6 regulatory domains to activate Cre in cells of either the entire pancreatic bud or ...

Somatostatin (SST), cortistatin (CORT), and its receptors (sst1-5), and ghrelin and its receptors (GHS-R) are two highly interrelated neuropeptide systems with a broad range of overlapping biological actions at central, cardiovascular, and immune levels among others. Besides their potent regulatory role on GH release, its endocrine actions are highlighted by SST/CORT and ghrelin influence on in...