Abstract Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread occurrence and diverse functions. PACAP binds to specific PAC1 non-specific VPAC1/2 receptors. considered as growth factor, it plays important roles during development participates in reparative processes. Highest concentrations are found the nervous system endocrine glands, where several funct...

Scientific relevance . Endocrine disruptors affect the functioning of endocrine organs, which leads to adverse drug reactions. toxicity requires special attention in preclinical studies candidate medicinal products. Aim. The study aimed review international guidelines and approaches assessing risk associated with Discussion. This covers documents that provide a methodological framework for iden...

Over the past few decades, the inextricable link between the endocrine, immune and nervous systems formed the basis of a new field, dubbed psychoneuroimmunology. In this paradigm, one system is subject to the vicissitudes of the other through several intricate feedback loops, such that conditions affecting the one have farreaching effects on the other. As such, critical illness (especially seps...

Molting in arthropods is orchestrated by a series of endocrine changes that occur towards the end of an instar. However, little is understood about the mechanisms that trigger these endocrine changes. Here, nutritional inputs were manipulated to investigate the minimal nutritional inputs required for a Manduca sexta larva to initiate a molt. Amino acids were found to be necessary for a larva to...

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome includes varying combinations of endocrine and non-endocrine tumors. There are also a considerable number of atypical MEN1 syndrome. In this case, a 68-yr-old woman was referred to the Department of Endocrinology for hypercalcemia. Five years ago, she had diagnosed as primary hyperaldosteronism and now newly diagnosed as parathyroid hyperplasi...

In order to elucidate the relationship between androgens and the function of the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) scented glands during the breeding season, we investigated immunolocalization of steroidogenic enzymes P450scc, 3βHSD and P450c17 in the muskrat testes and scented glands. Nine adult muskrats were obtained in March (n=3), May (n=3) and July (n=3) 2010. Steroidogenic enzymes were immunol...

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an endocrine peptide found exclusively in the parathyroid glands, whereas hormone-related protein (PTHrP) expressed a wide range of tissues and organs exerts endocrine, paracrine, autocrine actions. PTH PTHrP have similar homology, sharing initial 13 amino acid residues at N-terminus binding to same type 1 receptor (PTH1R), which regulates calcium homeostasis. An ab...

Immune cells synthesize, store and secrete hormones, which are identical with the hormones of the endocrine glands. These are: the POMC hormones (ACTH, endorphin), the thyroid system hormones (TRH, TSH, T3), growth hormone (GH), prolactin, melatonin, histamine, serotonin, catecholamines, GnRH, LHRH, hCG, renin, VIP, ANG II. This means that the immune cells contain all of the hormones, which wer...

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a physiological form of cell death that occurs in embryonic development and during involution of organs. It is characterized by distinct biochemical and morphological changes such as DNA fragmentation, plasma membrane blebbing and cell volume shrinkage. Many hormones, cytokines and growth factors are known to act as general and/or tissue-specific survival f...

The endocrine system consists of several highly vascularized glands that produce and secrete hormones to maintain body homeostasis regulate a range bodily functions processes, including growth, metabolism development. dense capillary network as the main transport for regulatory factors enable efficient function. specialized types provide microenvironments support stem progenitor cells, by regul...