Endoscopic sinus approach has become one of the most common surgical techniques for endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery. Anesthetic management has an important impact on the overall patient management, from the preoperative assessment and management to the quality of the surgical field and the postoperative recovery. Hemostasis is critical for adequate anatomical endoscopic visualization. M...

PURPOSE Endoscopic sinus surgery for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) unresponsive to medical therapy has traditionally been performed under general anesthesia and in the operating room. Balloons for catheter dilation of paranasal sinuses were introduced in 2005, allowing sinus surgery to be safely performed either in the operating room or the office care setting, under local anesthes...

Nasal epithelium lies on the basement membrane, situated on the lamina propria. Pseudostratified columnar (respiratory) epithelium is composed of four major types of cells: ciliated cells, nonciliate cells, goblet cells and basal cells, ensuring mucus production and transport, resorption of surface materials, and formation of new epithelial cells. Lamina propria consists of two layers of seromu...