In this letter, we discuss a forwarding method for maximizing network lifetime, which combines multi-hop forwarding and direct forwarding with a direct/multi-hop forwarding ratio of each sensor node. The direct forwarding ratio refers to the forwarding amount ratio of sensor nodes’ own data directly towards a sink node in one packet/instance data generation rate. We tackle an optimization probl...

abstract i n this paper we investigated total energy consumption and its individual forms (oil, natural gas, electricity, renewable energies and coal) relationship with real gross domestic product (gdp) in iran. we employed hsiao’s (1981) methodology and annual data which cover 1967-2010 for investigation. the empirical findings indicate there is bidirectional causality effect with real gdp and...

objective: drying is one of the most important post-harvesting processes in agriculture. drying method and also drying time have an important effect on the amount of energy required. in this study analysis of energy consumption for drying corn in dryer reservoir with flow of warm air and the effect of the temperature and height of product layer on the amount of energy consumption per unit mass ...

this paper investigates the relationship between total energy consumption and gdp in six countries of the middle east , including iran,pakistan,saudi arabia,oman,bahrain and the united arab emirates. the data are annual and spanning the period 1980-2012.we employed hsiao’s (1981) methodology to examine causality relation between total energy consumption and gdp.the empirical findings show a uni...

In applications of wireless sensor networks, there are many security issues. Attackers can create false reports and transmit the reports to the networks. These false reports can lead not only false alarms, but also the depletion of limited energy resources. In order to filter out such false reports during the forwarding process, Ye et al. proposed the statistical en-route filtering (SEF). Sever...

Article history: Received: 14.11.2014. Received in revised form: 26.3.2015. Accepted: 27.3.2015. Since the cooperative communication can reduce the transmitted power and extend the transmission coverage, minimum energy routing protocols are considered to reduce the total energy consumption in a multi-hop wireless Ad Hoc network. In this paper, an Energy-balanced Multi-hop-aware Cooperative Geog...

due to shortage of precipitation and the spatial and periodical disparity of rainfalls, iran iscounted among the arid and semi-arid countries of the world, and therefore the water utilities have put thecontrol of consumption and efficient use of water high on their priorities. water consumption management isconsidered as a field of energy management, and the impacts of effective measure related...

energy consumption in iran is a subject of debate. some may think that oil is cheap in iran and thus no need for this kind of research. this simple minding is erroneous first because iran subsidizes billion dollars each year for the imported diesel fuel specially for agricultural use and second because energy studies reveal the degree of professionally using the technology. we can easily find t...

We develop energy-balancing strategies for wireless ad-hoc networks energy resource allocation and deployment. The objective is to extend the network lifetime. We find the amount of energy storage that each node requires for having a balanced energy consumption throughout the network. For a limited set of energy resources in the deployment area, we determine an efficient deployment scenario in ...

Data gathering in wireless sensor networks (WSN) consumes more energy due to large amount of data transmitted. In direct transmission (DT) method, each node has to transmit its generated data to the base station (BS) which leads to higher energy consumption and affects the lifetime of the network. Clustering is one of the efficient ways of data gathering in WSN. There are various kinds of clust...