Eddy-resolved simulation of external flow usually requires inflow boundary conditions representing a turbulent layer (TBL) flow, and the quality fluctuation directly impact accuracy cost simulation. The present study proposes new method to generate TBL turbulence, i.e., equivalent (EBL) model. Based on open-channel model, EBL approximates at given Reynolds number by recovering mean momentum bal...

The shape of the vertical electron density profile is a result production, loss and transportation plasma in Earth’s ionosphere. Therefore, equivalent slab thickness ionosphere that characterizes width profiles an important parameter for better understanding ionospheric processes under regular as well perturbed conditions. defined by ratio total content over peak therefore easy to compute utili...

In underground mining, the design of rock pillars is crucial importance as these are structures that allow safe mining by maintaining stability surrounding excavations. Pillar often a complex task, it involves estimating loads at depths and strength mass fabric, which depend on intact shape pillar in terms aspect ratio (width/height). The also depends number, persistence, orientation, discontin...

Stone column replacement of soft soil foundation construction method is more and used in water conservancy projects. On the one hand, stone has high permeability, which enhances dissipation capacity excess pore pressure; on other it a stiffness, reduces additional stress soil, therefore pressure. These two mechanisms work together to improve bearing soil. In previous plane strain transformation...