We study magnetic flux interacting with arrays of pinning sites (APSs) placed on vertices of hyperbolic tessellations (HTs). We show that, due to the gradient in the density of pinning sites, HT APSs are capable of trapping vortices for a broad range of applied magnetic fluxes. Thus, the penetration of magnetic field in HT APSs is essentially different from the usual scenario predicted by the B...

During the 1980s, a novel nonvolatile memory product was introduced, referred to as flash electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). The basic operating principle of the nonvolatile memory device is to store charges in the gate oxide of a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). If charges can be stored in the oxide of a MOSFET, the threshold voltage of the...

Current models of leaf hydration employ an Ohm's law analogy of the leaf as an ideal capacitor, neglecting the resistance to flow between cells, or treat the leaf as a plane sheet with a source of water at fixed potential filling the mid-plane, neglecting the discrete placement of veins as well as their resistance. We develop a model of leaf hydration that considers the average conductance of t...

In this paper optimum size and location of capacitors and distributed generations (DGs) are determined simultaneously in a radial distribution network. The objective function includes power losses reduction and voltage profile improvement using ant colony algorithm. Allocation capacitors and of DGs should be carefully determined with the consideration of different planning incentives. It shows ...

In recent years, renewable types of distributed generation in the distribution system have been much appreciated due to their enormous technical and environmental advantages. This paper proposes a methodology for optimal placement and sizing of renewable distributed generation(s) (i.e., wind, solar and biomass) and capacitor banks into a radial distribution system. The intermittency of wind spe...

– Electricity, today, has not only become a necessity but also a tool for determining the economic standing and growth of a nation. The exponential growth in demand over the past two decades and the widening gap between demand and supply is a growing concern. So as to reduce this gap, in addition to adding new generating units, automation technology is being employed for reducing the T&D losses...

One of the most important methods in loss reduction and controlling the voltages of distribution systems is the utilization of the fixed and switched capacitors. To do this, real modelling of the system in actual operational conditions including unbalanced or balanced loading and for actual feeder structure, ie, radial/meshed configuration, are required. In this paper, a new technique for findi...