A general equilibrium model for multiphase multicomponent inorganic atmospheric aerosols is proposed. The thermodynamic equilibrium is given by the minimum of the Gibbs free energy for a system involving an aqueous phase, a gas phase and solid salts. A primal-dual algorithm solving the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions is detailed. An active set/Newton method permits to compute the minimum of energ...

Adsorption capacity of 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol (4C2NP) onto nano-Ti02 from aqueous solutions wasinvestigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, nano-TiO2 dosage, initial pH and initial 4C2NP concentration. Optimum conditions for 4C2NP adsorptionwere found to be initial pH z 2, nano-TiO2 closer- 0.01 g and equilibrium time 1 h. The adsorptionkine...

Thermodynamics has established in chemistry principally as a science determining possibility and direction of chemical transformations and giving conditions for their final, equilibrium state. Thermodynamics is usually thought to tell nothing about rates of these processes, their velocity of approaching equilibrium. Rates of chemical reactions belong to the domain of chemical kinetics. However,...

We present work on 3D hypersonic laminar flows of air around blunt bodies with applied magnetic fields of various strengths. The air is heated by a shock that can change its thermodynamic properties. We treat the air both as a calorically perfect gas (chemically frozen) and as a real gas in thermodynamic equilibrium. Due to the high temperature the thermodynamic properties of the air are affect...

In this paper the boundary conditions for point defect distributions in monocrystalline silicon are investigated. These boundary conditions are established by simple thermodynamic considerations. A circle process is used including vacancy, interstitial and Frenkel pair generation which yields a simple relationship between the vacancy and interstitial equilibrium concentrations at the surface. A...

The effects of compressibility on Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) are investigated by inspecting the interplay between thermodynamic and hydrodynamic non-equilibrium phenomena (TNE, HNE, respectively) via a discrete Boltzmann model (DBM). Two effective approaches are presented, one tracking the evolution of the local TNE effects and the other focussing on the evolution of the mean temperature...

Cross disciplinary dialogue between economics and ecology has within economics centered on the two subdisciplines of bioeconomics and ecological economics. This division in economics reflects the division in ecology between population and systems ecologists. Recent developments in ecology are aimed at a more integrated approach to ecologic al research. One example of such an approach is that of...

The general mathematical formulation of the equilibrium statistical mechanics based on the generalized statistical entropy for the first and second thermodynamic potentials was given. The Tsallis and Boltzmann-Gibbs statistical entropies in the canonical and microcanonical ensembles were investigated as an example. It was shown that the statistical mechanics based on the Tsallis statistical ent...

The abundantly available bio waste, crab shell powder was used as an adsorbent for the removal of pollutants like Congo Red. The morphological, textural and chemical characterization of the biomass was done with SEM, XRD, EDS and FT-IR studies. The nature and mechanism of the process were determined from equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. The results exhibited that the bio waste su...

Quantum dots form equilibrium structures in liquid dispersions, due to thermodynamic forces that are often hard to quantify. Analysis of these structures, visualized using cryogenic electron microscopy, yields their formation free energy. Here we show that the nanoparticle interaction free energy can be further separated into the enthalpic and entropic contributions, using the temperature depen...