Numerous vaccine and control tools have been introduced to the marketplace including licensed modified live PRRS vaccines (MLV), licensed inactivated PRRS vaccines (KV), autogenous KV vaccines, and use of virulent live virus exposure (LVI). Based on published data and controlled experimental studies, the licensed MLV clearly provide the current gold standard of protection in respiratory and rep...

The modern chemotherapy era started with Fleming's discovery of benzylpenicillin. He demonstrated that benzylpenicillin did not kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis In this study, we found that >64 mg/liter of static benzylpenicillin concentrations killed 1.16 to 1.43 log10 CFU/ml below starting inoculum of extracellular and intracellular M. tuberculosis over 7 days. When we added the β-lactamase in...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of different sterilization/disinfection methods on the mechanical properties of orthodontic elastomeric chains. METHODS Segments of elastomeric chains with 5 links each were sent for sterilization by cobalt 60 (Co60) (20 KGy) gamma ray technology. After the procedure, the elastomeric chains were contaminated with clinical samples of Streptococcus mutans. S...

Why do we so often see the statement, “use in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions” in sterilization and disinfection standards and guidelines? That advice is in recommendations from the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI), the Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Why do the Centers ...

A test piece is described for monitoring the performance of low-temperature steam-with-formaldehyde sterilizers. Comparative tests have shown it to be more difficult to penetrate than an arterial catheter when exposed to the same sterilizing conditions. It is permanent and simple to use and maintain. The growth or non-growth of bacterial spores, in the convenient form of spore strips, is used t...

Injuries involving the head and neck represent a significant proportion of sportsrelated trauma incurred by youth athletes. Approximately 6.5 % of over 2.6 million children ≤ 19 years treated for sport and recreation-related injuries in an emergency department setting between 2001 and 2009 had sustained traumatic brain injuries or concussions [1]. In this chapter, we will review the history of ...

"In an age of electronic banking and online college degrees, why hasn't the rest of the nation gone to voting on touchscreen computers? The reason is simple and resonates with the contentious debate that has yet to be resolved after at least 15 years of wrangling over the issue of electronic voting. No one has yet figured out a straightforward method of ensuring that one of the most revered dem...