We propose a modest conservative extension to ML that allows semi-explicit higher-order polymorphism while preserving the essential properties of ML. In our proposal, the introduction of polymorphic types remains fully explicit, that is, both the introduction and the exact polymorphic type must be speci ed. However, the elimination of polymorphic types is now semi-implicit: only the elimination...

The aim of this work is to study an essential property in the framework of fuzzy preference structures, which is the transitivity. In particular, we discuss the relationship between the transitivity of a fuzzy large preference relation R and the transitivity of the fuzzy strict preference relation P obtained from R when every pair of elements can be compared. We consider some of the most import...

In this paper we consider the emerging position in metaphysics that artifact functions characterize real kinds of artifacts. We analyze how it can circumvent an objection by David Wiggins (Sameness and substance renewed, 2001, 87) and then argue that this position, in comparison to expert judgments, amounts to an interesting fine-grained metaphysics: taking artifact functions as (part of the) e...

gerbera cut flowers is one of the important and popular cut flowers in the world that regardless of increasing production of this plant in iran, the duration of its life is short due to rapid wilting petals and bending neck of flower. to increase vase life of gerbera cut flowers cv. ‘alain ducasse’, the essences of eucalyptus and rosa damascena, the combination of these two essences at a concen...

Since the theory of ideals plays an important role in the theory of semirings, in this paper we will make an intensive study of the notions of primal and weakly primal ideals in commutative semirings with an identity 1. It is shown that these notions inherit most of the essential properties of the primal and weakly primal ideals of a commutative ring with non-zero identity. Also, the relationsh...

In the early stages of design, several concepts are usually generated to explore the possibilities. This paper investigates how well a computer-based system can support design thinking. SESAME is a novel 3D design system that aims to support creativity during the explorative phase of the design process. We report an evaluation comparing SESAME to paper sketching for early design exploration in ...

In contrast, I have reported, on several occasions, on cases that originate in the cybernetic literature and with the grand old men (yes, I’m afraid, men) of cybernetics, who have discussed systems that are in essence uncontrollable. And there is, in my opinion, a medical predicament that is best dealt with not by controlling it but by giving up all attempts at control—which is the new element ...

Biologists and philosophers of biology typically regard essentialism about species as incompatible with modern Darwinian theory. Analytic metaphysicians such as Kripke, Putnam and Wiggins, on the other hand, believe that their essentialist theses are applicable to biological kinds. I explore this tension. I show that standard anti-essentialist considerations only show that species do not have i...