Social comparison, a widespread phenomenon in human society, has been found to affect outcome evaluation. The need to belong to a social group may result in distinct neural responses to diverse social comparison outcomes. To extend previous studies by examining how social comparison with hierarchical characteristics is temporally processed, electroencephalography responses were recorded in the ...

The involvement of the left temporal lobe in semantics and object naming has been repeatedly demonstrated in the context of language comprehension; however, its role in the mechanisms and time course for the retrieval of an integrated object memory from its constituent features have not been well delineated. In this study, 19 young adults were presented with two features of an object (e.g., "de...

Our ability to feel, think, and act can in some way be attributed to the workings of the brain. For over a century, scientists have used measures of brain activity to gain insights into perceptual, cognitive, and motor functions. As a result, researchers have developed a variety of methods to measure brain activity noninvasively (e.g., Rugg, 1999). These methods roughly fall into two classes: '...

We apply symbolic dynamics techniques such as word statistics and measures of complexity to nonstationary and noisy multivariate time series of electroencephalograms (EEG) in order to estimate event-related brain potentials (ERP). Their significance against surrogate data as well as between different experimental conditions is tested. These methods are validated by simulations using stochastic ...

This study investigates whether learning can manifest itself in EEG changes without explicit awareness of the acquired knowledge and without any motor requirement (to rule out acquisition of motor skills). Subjects passively heard particular stimulus combinations interspersed with random combinations. Immediately after this, stimulus combinations were presented which contained violations of the...