To the Editors: Ocular motility problems related to congenital abnormalities of the extraocular muscles are rare. Such congenital abnormalities may present in a spectrum from accessory additional rectus muscles to the absence of extraocular muscles.1-5 Absence of one or more extraocular muscles is a rare condition usually seen in association with craniofacial syndromes. We present a case of bil...

Dear Editor, Anterior transposition of the inferior oblique (IO) muscle is an effective treatment for dissociative vertical deviation (DVD) when associated with IO muscle overaction [1]. By transposing the insertion of the IO muscle anterior to the equator, a force vector of the IO muscle converts from elevation to depression, which in turn reduces DVD [1]. After the procedure, the superior rec...

PURPOSE To investigate the long-term clinical course of intermittent exotropia after surgical treatment to determine whether and when postoperative exo-drift stabilizes, and the required postsurgery follow-up duration in cases of intermittent exotropia. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with intermittent exotropia who underwent surgical treatment be...

PURPOSE To report the outcomes in patients undergoing surgical correction of intermittent exotropia and to compare the age at surgery to motor and sensory success. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study. The results of patients with intermittent exotropia treated with surgery over a 4-year period were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups based on age at first surgery (<4 yea...