Farming households with close kinship ties in northeast Thailand have long been practising joint utilization of farmland. They used this multihousehold farming method even more actively to cope with the macroeconomic development beginning in the 1960s. A 1989 survey of a village by the author found more than one-third of farmland under such communal use. However, the share decreased drastically...

Bear bile has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for thousands of years. Modern investigations showed that it has a wide range of pharmacological actions with little toxicological side effect and the pure compounds have been used for curing hepatic and biliary disorders for decades. However, extensive consumption of bear bile made bears endangered species. In the 1980's, bear farmi...

Aquaculture, the farming of fish and aquatic crops such as kelp and algae, is classically done in natural bodies of water. In land-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), however, tanks or raceways contain the farmed species and the water is circulated through a treatment system. Benefits compared to traditional farming in open cages include reduced emissions of nutrients, less risk of i...

the undesirable negative consequences of conventional farming have lead to the need and emphasis for new sustainable agricultural production techniques. organic farming has arisen to be considered as one of the sustainable agricultural systems. agricultural experts play an important role in extension and spread of the system. the research goal is to investigate the effective factors on expert&a...

Forest farming in North America is becoming popular as a way for landowners to diversify income opportunities, improve management of forest resources, and increase biological diversity. People have been informally " farming the forests " for generations. However, in recent years, attention has been directed at formalizing forest farming and improving it through research and development activiti...

The increased use of pesticides and tillage intensification is known to negatively affect biodiversity. Changes in these agricultural practices such as herbicide and tillage reduction have variable effects among taxa, especially at the top of the trophic network including insectivorous bats. Very few studies compared the effects of agricultural practices on such taxa, and overall, only as a com...