This paper analyses a local electricity system (LES) comprising photovoltaic production (PV), connection to the distribution network, loads and an energy storage (ESS). Given flexibility of ESS, LES can provide peak shaving service (PSS) grid operator based on actual monthly power tariff. proposes stochastic mixed-integer linear programming problem that maximises expected operating profit midte...

BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that high dose haemodialysis (HD) may be associated with better health outcomes and even cost savings (if conducted at home) versus conventional in-centre HD (ICHD). Home-based regimens such as peritoneal dialysis (PD) are also associated with significant cost reductions and are more convenient for patients. However, the financial impact of increasing the use of hig...

Public finance experts have long explored the issue of income taxes making the cost of market transactions higher than nonmarket ones. A 50 percent income tax, for example, requires $20,000 in income to purchase $10,000 of market goods. The tax can be avoided, however, if the same goods can be produced at home. The upshot is that income taxes encourage the home production of goods and services ...

Structural Adjustment The structural adjustment programme the Washington consensus claim is designed to eliminate distortions and elementary economics tells us distortions create allocative and distributive inefficiency. The programmed was aimed to stimulate growth in developing economies most of whom stagnated due to effects of external and internal shocks. The basic idea is simple i.e. establ...