Non-epileptic paroxysmal movement disorders are rare extrapyramidal diseases. The clinical signs are often excluded from differential diagnosis due to their paucity on clinical examination and low prevalence. The paroxysmal, stereotypical nature of non-epileptic paroxysmal movement disorders, as well as the potential response to benzodiazepines, renders these disorders susceptible to misdiagnos...

OBJECTIVE The authors conducted a review and meta-analysis of studies that compared the efficacy and tolerability of typical and second-generation antipsychotics for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. METHOD A systematic search revealed 12 controlled studies (involving 1,916 independent patients), which were included in the review. For the seven studies that compared clozapine t...

BACKGROUND Extrapyramidal motor signs (EPS) are well-known symptoms of degenerative ataxia. However, little is known about frequency and appearance of EPS in subtypes of ataxia. METHODS We characterized 311 patients with ataxia clinically and genetically. Course of the disease and EPS were investigated according to a standardized protocol. Diagnostic and prognostic impact of EPS in subtypes o...

Case presentation: Thirty-one-year-old female patient, born from a non-consanguineous couple. Presenting with referred normal psychomotor development as an infant and no history of gestational or perinatal complications. As eight years old, she developed cognitive impairment associated gait disturbances. On her first neurological evaluation, thirteen dysarthric speech, ataxia, dystonia chorea w...

SUMMARY Shy, Drager syndrome is multi system degeneration of the central nervous system along with pandysautonomia. It begins after age 50 and affects men twice as women. The cardinal manifestation are due to basal ganglia and orthostatic hypotension. In spite of extrapyramidal involvement the response is poor to conventional anti-Parkinsonian medications and if this is the case in a middle ag...