Affiliations of authors: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine, Bremen, Germany (RTM, JH); Department of Health Economy and Management, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany (OD); Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecologic Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin and Mitte, Berlin, Germany (AK); Julius ...

The present note aims to describe two alternative methods for observing genitalia in Lepidoptera. The first one provides means to examine both male and female genitalia without spoiling the scales of the abdomen, preserving it attached to the thorax and aesthetically similar to an unexamined specimen. The second one provides ways of observing certain characters on the male genitalia in a non-de...

BACKGROUND/AIMS Data on normal stool form and frequency, which are important for defining constipation, are scanty; hence, we studied these in an eastern Indian population. METHODS One thousand and two hundred apparently healthy asymptomatic subjects were evaluated for predominant stool form (Bristol chart with descriptor) and frequency. Data on demographic and life-style (diet and physical a...

The practice of female genital mutilation (we will use the latest definition adopted by WHO/UNFP: female genital mutilation/cutting or FGM/C) is still widespread in 28 African countries. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that more than two million females undergo some form of genital mutilation every year. Its negative health impact and its ethical and human rights aspects have been...

OBJECTIVES This study was performed to evaluate the rate of diagnosed female genital tuberculosis and its presentational symptoms and methods of diagnosis. METHODS A total of 3088 cases of tuberculosis (TB) who had been registered and treated in the Health Center of Fars Province from 1989 to 1999 were retrospectively studied. From this group, 46 women were diagnosed as having genital TB. The...

BACKGROUND Female genital mutilation or female circumcision (FGM) is a serious health problem in Sudan. This procedure is harmful to women and causes many complications during pregnancy and childbirth. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the female genital mutilation (FGM) and its associated factors in Sudan. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Data from Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS - ...

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate pigs as a large-animal model for female genital infection with two Chlamydia trachomatis human serovar E strains. Sixteen-week-old specific-pathogen-free female pigs (gilts) were intravaginally infected with the trachoma type E reference strain Bour or the urogenital serovar E strain 468. Several conclusions can be drawn from our findings on the ...

The mucosal surface of the female genital tract is a complex biosystem, which provides a barrier against the outside world and participates in both innate and acquired immune defense systems. This mucosal compartment has adapted to a dynamic, non-sterile environment challenged by a variety of antigenic/inflammatory stimuli associated with sexual intercourse and endogenous vaginal microbiota. Ra...