In prokaryotes, translation initiation typically depends on complementary binding between a G-rich Shine-Dalgarno (SD) motif in the 5' untranslated region of mRNAs, and the 3' tail of the 16S ribosomal RNA (the anti-SD sequence). In some cases, internal SD-like motifs in the coding region generate "programmed" ribosomal pauses that are beneficial for protein folding or accurate targeting. On th...

A threonine tRNA was purified from Bacillus subtilis W168 by a combined use of column chromatographic systems. The nucleotide sequence was determined to be pG-C-C-G-G-U-G-U-A-G-C-U-C-A-A-U-D-G-G-D(U)-A-G-A-G-C-A-A-C-U-G-A-C-U-mo5U-G-U-t6A-A-psi-C-A-G-U-A-G-m7G-U-U-G-G-G-G-G-T-psi-C-A-A-G-U-C-C-U-C-U-U-G-C-C-G-G-C-A-C-C-AOH, where about 40 % of D20 remained unmodified as U20. It consists of 76 n...

This paper is devoted to the analysis of non-standard semantic shifts in adjectives and adverbs. Under non-standard semantic shifts I understand meaning changes, which can’t be described as metaphor or metonymy. Here are some examples of the semantic shifts in question, cf.: bittere Schokolade ‘bitter chocolate’ vs. bitterer Hunger ‘very strong hunger’ hübsches Mädchen’nice girl’ vs. hübsch kal...