Rapid growth of human fetal tissues requires insulin or insulin-like growth factors. A high rate of human fetal growth occurs between implantation and about 14 weeks of gestation. Fetal pancreatic insulin secretion begins much later. Since maternal insulin does not cross the blood/placental barrier, other sources of insulin or insulin-like growth factors may be provided for fetal development. W...

The HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group stated that the adverse perinatal outcomes were proportional to hyperglycemia in pregnancy [2]. Hyperglycemia results in complications like fetal hyperinsulinemia, birth trauma and macrosomia. These effects were translated into the adult life which increases the risk of obesity, metabolic syndromes and Type 2 diabetes [3]. Euglycemia ensures favourable ...

The role of pituitary growth hormone during fetal and neonatal life remains uncertain even though it has been demonstrated repeatedly that hypophysectomy of the juvenile animal severely retards or arrests growth. The claim has been made that administration of growth hormone to normal pregnant rats stimulates growth of the fetus (2-5), but the evidence presented is inconclusive. In man, the macr...

BACKGROUND Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) is a rare X-linked recessive syndrome characterized by fetal overgrowth. CASE REPORT We present a case of a male infant with SGBS. Abnormal prenatal ultrasound (including congenital diaphragmatic hernia) prompted microarray testing of amniotic fluid cells, which showed deletion on chromosome Xq26.2 affecting the glypican-3 gene consistent with SG...

Despite the well-known influence of maternal glucose on infant birth weight (BW), the prevalence of large for gestational age (LGA) infants ($90th percentile for age) has been increasing steadily over decades, particularly in pregnancies complicated by pregestational or gestational diabetes mellitus (1). Although the overall prevalence of macrosomia (BW$4,000 g) is 17–29% in women with untreate...

Up to 10% of all pregnancies in the US are complicated by diabetes. Among them, 0.2 0.5 % individuals had type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Preterm birth, preeclampsia, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, intrauterine fetal death, growth restriction, cardiac and renal abnormalities, as well uncommon neural disorders including sacral agenesis, heightened risks for affected T1DM. It has been demonstrated that p...

Thuật ngữ “thai to” (fetal macrosomia) chỉ những trẻ sơ sinh có cân nặng trên 4000gr hoặc 4500gr. Thai to thể là do các vấn đề từ bà mẹ (thừa cân/béo phì, tiểu đường) tình trạng của thai nhi (cường insulin, suy giáp bẩm sinh, hội chứng Beckwith Wiedemann…). Tình dẫn đến tăng nguy cơ mổ và tai biến sản khoa như vỡ tử cung, đẻ ngạt, mắc vai, gãy xương đòn, tổn thương đám rối cánh tay; gặp hạ đườn...

The mechanisms involved in both placental uptake and transfer of macronutrients are reviewed. Fatty acid, cholesterol and amino acid transport across the placenta involves a complex system to ensure nutrient delivery to the growing fetus. The placental glucose transfer is important for fetal macrosomia, but lipid disturbances in both maternal and placental compartments may contribute to neonata...

OBJECTIVEdGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with fetal macrosomia and maternal postpartum dysglycemia, insulin resistance, and b-cell dysfunction. Indeed, in practice, a prior pregnancy that resulted in a large-for-gestational-age (LGA) delivery is often considered presumptive evidence of GDM, whether or not it was diagnosed at the time. If this clinical assumption is correct, h...