Existence of line of sight (LOS) and alignment between the communicating antennas is one of the key requirements for free-space-optical (FSO) communication. To ensure uninterrupted data flow, auto-aligning transmitter and receiver modules are necessary. We propose a new FSO node design that uses spherical surfaces covered with transmitter and receiver modules for maintaining optical links even ...

We investigate transmission protocols for relay-assisted free-space optical (FSO) systems, when multiple parallel relays are employed and there is no direct link between the source and the destination. As alternatives to all-active FSO relaying, where all the available relays transmit concurrently, we propose schemes that select only a single relay to participate in the communication between th...

Wireless networking has conventionally been realized via radio frequency (RF) based communication technologies. Main issue with RF networks is that end-to-end pernode throughput approaches zero as new nodes are added to the network. To overcome this throughput problem, we propose a multi-element optical antenna design that successfully exploits spatial reuse of the shared medium. In this design...

Our subject is oriented towards investigation of potential ways of societal organization, that allow for collective intelligent organization and management of resources. The main objective of such organizations is the exploration of the social energy from the existing societies. We conjecture that an organizational model that fulfills the mentioned requirements is the Fractal Social Organizatio...

Lower cost: The cost of disposing FSO is lower than that of an RF with comparable data rate. There are no cables to deploy, no expensive rooftop installations required. Based on a recent finding done by an FSO company based in Canada 'fSONA', the cost per Mbps per month based on FSO is about half that of RF based systems [1]. Huge modulation bandwidth: Generally Optical carrier wavelength which...

In this paper the performance of a binary polarization shift keying (BPOLSK) modulated free space optical (FSO) link employing coherent detection in the presence of the atmospheric turbulence is investigated. First, a closed-form expression for the bit error rate (BER) of a BPOLSK-FSO system is presented taking into account the atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and noise. The BER performanc...

Free-Space Optical (FSO) communication is reputed for its ability to proffer solution to the access network bottle-neck but when used over long range communication links, it suffers from scintillation caused by the atmospheric turbulence. The scintillation is modelled using the negative exponential distribution. Hereby, we present the outage probability and the bit error probability equations o...

A new fiber optic microsensor has been developed for pressure measurement. The pressure microsensor is extremely small (360 micro m). Performance characteristics of the microsensor were evaluated over a pressure range from 0 to 250mmHg. Five sensors were compared to a National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable reference pressure. The microsensor had an accuracy, repeatability, and...

The impact of feeding flax as seed, meal, or oil to late-pregnant and lactating sows on hormone concentrations, immune responses, and sow and litter performances was studied. Sixty sows were fed 1 of 4 diets from 68 d of gestation until 21 d of lactation. Diets were standard (CTL; n = 15); 10% flaxseed supplementation (FS; n = 16); 6.5% flaxseed meal supplementation (FSM; n = 14); and 3.5% flax...

Gliding has often been discussed in the literature as a possible precursor to powered flight in vertebrates, but few studies exist on the mechanics of gliding in living animals. In this study I analyzed the 3D kinematics of sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) during short glides in an enclosed space. Short segments of the glide were captured on video, and the positions of marked anatomical landm...