Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a major viral pathogen of salmonid fish and causes serious economic losses to salmonid aquaculture. Previously, we demonstrated that the IPNV capsid protein, VP2, expressed in yeast self-assembles into subviral particles (SVPs) and injection of these IPNV rVP2 SVPs into rainbow trout elicits an immune response. Immunized fish had reduced viral load...

Steinernemacarpocapsae is a nematode pathogenic in a wide variety of insect species. The great pathogenicity of this nematode has been ascribed to its ability to overcome the host immune response; however, little is known about the mechanisms involved in this process. The analysis of an expressed sequence tags (EST) library in the nematode during the infective phase was performed and a highly a...

Generation of adaptive immune response relies on efficient drainage or trafficking of antigen to lymph nodes for processing and presentation of these foreign molecules to T and B lymphocytes. Lymph nodes have thus become critical targets for new vaccines and immunotherapies. A recent strategy for targeting these tissues is direct lymph node injection of soluble vaccine components, and clinical ...

Allergens are foreign proteins or glycoproteins that are the target of IgE antibody responses in humans. The relationship between subsequent exposure and the allergic symptoms is often or usually obvious; however, there is increasing evidence that in asthma, atopic dermatitis and some forms of food allergy the induction of symptoms is delayed or chronic. The primary exposure to inhaled allergen...

Protective mucus coatings typically trap and rapidly remove foreign particles from the eyes, gastrointestinal tract, airways, nasopharynx, and female reproductive tract, thereby strongly limiting opportunities for controlled drug delivery at mucosal surfaces. No synthetic drug delivery system composed of biodegradable polymers has been shown to penetrate highly viscoelastic human mucus, such as...

PURPOSE To compare histometrically, in rats, the bone healing after grafting the incisor extraction sockets with inorganic bovine bone or bioactive glass particles. MATERIAL The volume fraction of grafted materials and alveolar healing components was estimated in histologic images at the end of the second and ninth weeks postoperatively by a differential point-counting method. RESULTS Both ...

English and Italian differ a great deal in their respective repertoires of spatial particles (an important subset of which are prepositions), an area which seems to be quite problematic in foreign language learning. Most current EFL textbooks and didactic grammars tend to provide partial and idiosyncratic cross-linguistic descriptions of such items, while the majority of dictionaries’ accounts ...

The work discusses physicochemical phenomena related to interactions between the inhaled particles and the surface of pulmonary fluid which contains the lung surfactant. Dynamic surface phenomena which arise due to periodical variations of the interfacial area during breathing cycle are the extraordinary feature of this system and they are strictly related to the mechanics of ventilation and th...

Wear particles and by-products from joint replacements and other orthopaedic implants may result in a local chronic inflammatory and foreign body reaction. This may lead to persistent synovitis resulting in joint pain and swelling, periprosthetic osteolysis, implant loosening and pathologic fracture. Strategies to modulate the adverse effects of wear debris may improve the function and longevit...

Experiments upon dogs anesthetized with nembutal and lasting 4 hours, in which the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct have been cannulated and collection of lung lymph and blood specimens was accomplished after intratracheal instillation of dog plasma, purified bovine serum albumin, crystallized egg albumin, and hemoglobin, have shown that the absorption of such molecules is slight. Experim...