The invasive shrub Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link) is a pervasive threat to regenerating Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) stands in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Field observations indicate that susceptibility of areas invasion and dominance can vary by site. We selected ten sites throughout western Northwest spanned gradient soil textures other factors...

Many stimulus-detection systems are lateralized to allow for simultaneous comparison of paired stimuli. It has been hypothesized that the deeply forked tongue of snakes and some derived lizards functions as a chemical edge detector where cues gathered by each tine are kept separate to provide two points of lateral odor assessment by the central nervous system via vomeronasal input. While follow...

The genomes of mycobacteriophages of the L5 family, which includes the lytic phage D29, contain several genes putatively linked to DNA synthesis. One such gene is 65, which encodes a protein belonging to the RecA/DnaB helicase superfamily. In this study a recombinant version of the mycobacteriophage D29 gp65 was functionally characterized. The results indicated that it is not a helicase as pred...

This work focuses on vortex-within-a-vortex (VV) structures behind three different shapes of forked caudal fin with a heaving-pitching motion. The results show that the synchronization trailing-edge vortex separation and shedding leading-edge contributes to generation VV structure. fins chord lengths can be observed almost simultaneously. Strouhal number not only determines vortices in wake but...