Mucosal epithelia use osmotic gradients for fluid absorption and secretion. We hypothesized that administration of hypotonic solutions would induce fluid uptake that could be advantageous for rapidly delivering drugs through mucus to the vaginal epithelium. We found that hypotonic formulations markedly increased the rate at which small molecule drugs and mucoinert nanoparticles (mucus-penetrati...

Objectives. We evaluated the ingestibility and formulation quality of one branded (formulation A) and five generic (formulations B, C, D, E, and F) lansoprazole orally disintegrating (OD) tablets. Methods. Ingestibility, including the oral disintegrating time, taste, mouth feeling, and palatability, was examined by sensory testing in healthy subjects. Formulation qualities, including salivary s...

The pooling problem is a nonconvex nonlinear programming problem with numerous applications. The nonlinearities of the problem arise from bilinear constraints that capture the blending of raw materials. Bilinear constraints are well-studied and significant progress has been made in solving large instances of the pooling problem to global optimality. This is due in no small part to reformulation...

Different types of formulations are proposed in the literature to model vehicle routing problems. Currently, the most used ones can be fitted into two classes, namely vehicle flow formulations and set partitioning formulations. These types of formulations differ from each other not only due to their variables and constraints but also due to their main features. Vehicle flow formulations have th...

The present investigation includes the preparation and evaluation of liquid filling formulations for soft gels using an analgesic drug Paracetamol, in order to improve its dissolution properties and there by its bioavailability. Formulations were prepared using excipients like poly ethylene glycol 400(PEG 400), propylene glycol(PG), polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVPK-30), DMSO, antioxidants, ethanol, an...

Children differ from adults in many aspects of pharmacotherapy, including capabilities for drug administration, medicine-related toxicity, and taste preferences. It is essential that pediatric medicines are formulated to best suit a child's age, size, physiologic condition, and treatment requirements. To ensure adequate treatment of all children, different routes of administration, dosage forms...

Surface tension at the surface-to-air interface is a physico-chemical property of liquid pharmaceutical formulations that are often overlooked. To determine if a trend between surface tension and route of administration exists, a suite of oral, nasal, and ophthalmic drug formulations were analyzed. The surface tension at the surface-to-air interface of the oral formulations studied were in or a...

background: orally disintegrating tablets (odts) are a modern form of tablets that when placed in the oral cavity, disperses rapidly. these tablets have advantages, particularly good applications for children and old patients who have a complication in chewing or swallowing solid dosage forms. the aim of this study was to design, formulate, and evaluate the physicochemical properties of 5 mg mo...

the objective of the present work was to formulate and evaluate mucoadhesive in situ nasal gels of loratadine. this drug delivery system may overcome the first-pass metabolism and subsequently improve the bioavailability of the drug. a total of 16 formulations of in situ nasal gels were prepared using different polymeric ratios of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (hpmc k-100) and xanthan gum. all ...

background: several adjuvants have been evaluated for vaccine formulations but alu-minum salts will continue to be used for many years due to their safety, low cost and adjuvanticity with different antigens. two commonly used aluminum adjuvants, alumi-num hydroxide and aluminum phosphate have different adjuvanticity properties. com-mercial recombinant protein hepatitis b vaccines containing alu...